Technology for Medical Application Questions in English

(C) The correct answer is $C$. In India,antivenin injections are primarily prepared at the Haffkine's Institute,Mumbai,and the Central Research Institute,Kasauli (Shimla). These institutes are specialized in the production of immunobiologicals,including anti-snake venom serum.

(A) Fluorine is added to drinking water in low concentrations (typically around $1 \ ppm$) to prevent dental caries (tooth decay). It helps in the mineralization of tooth enamel,making teeth more resistant to acid attacks and decay. Therefore,it is primarily added to improve the health of teeth.

(C) The intra-aortic balloon pump $(IABP)$ is a mechanical device that helps the heart pump blood.
It consists of a balloon that is placed in the aorta.
This balloon is connected through a tube to an external console that inflates and deflates it using $Helium$ gas.
$Helium$ is preferred because it has low density and high diffusivity,which allows for rapid inflation and deflation cycles,and it is also safer in the event of a balloon rupture as it is inert and easily absorbed by the blood.

(A) Magnetic Resonance Imaging $(MRI)$ is a medical imaging technique used in radiology to form pictures of the anatomy and the physiological processes of the body.
$MRI$ scanners use strong magnetic fields,magnetic field gradients,and radio waves to generate images of the organs in the body.
It is highly effective for detecting soft tissue abnormalities,such as small lesions on spinal tissue,herniated discs (slip discs),and small tumors,because it provides superior contrast between different types of soft tissues compared to $X$-rays or $CT$ scans.

(D) The classification of $I.Q.$ (Intelligence Quotient) levels is as follows:
$0-24$: Idiot
$25-49$: Imbecile
$50-69$: Moron
$70-79$: Dull
$80-89$: Ordinary/Average
$90-109$: Average
$110-119$: Superior
$120-139$: Most Superior
$140$ or more: Genius
Therefore,the $I.Q.$ of a genius ranges from $140$ or more.

(C) $Euphenics$ is the branch of science that deals with the improvement of the human race by providing suitable environmental conditions or medical treatments to individuals with genetic defects,effectively 'curing' or managing the expression of genetic diseases.
$Eugenics$ refers to the improvement of the human race through selective breeding.
$Dysgenics$ is the study of the accumulation of detrimental genetic traits in a population.
$Genetics$ is the broad study of genes,genetic variation,and heredity in organisms.

(A) . Eugenics is the study of the possibility of improving the human race by altering its genetic composition. This is achieved by encouraging the breeding of individuals presumed to have desirable genes and discouraging the breeding of those presumed to have undesirable genes.

(D) Perfluorocarbons are synthetic compounds that have a high capacity to dissolve gases,particularly oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Due to this unique property,they are used as oxygen carriers in medical applications.
They serve as a substitute for red blood cells in certain clinical situations,effectively acting as artificial blood to transport oxygen throughout the body.

(A) Cryobiology is the branch of biology that studies the effects of very low temperatures on living organisms and their tissues.
It involves the study of how organisms survive,adapt,or are preserved at sub-zero temperatures.
Therefore,it primarily deals with the effect of temperature on biological systems.

(B) . Eugenics is the branch of science that deals with the improvement of the human race genetically.
This aspect of human betterment aims to improve the human germplasm by encouraging the inheritance of desirable characteristics so that defective traits may be eliminated.

(A) The stethoscope was invented by the French physician $Rene \text{ } Laennec$ in $1816$.
He developed it at the Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital in Paris to listen to the sounds of the heart and lungs.
$Wilhelm \text{ } Roentgen$ is known for the discovery of $X-rays$.
$Edward \text{ } Jenner$ is known for the development of the smallpox vaccine.
$Joseph \text{ } Lister$ is known for the introduction of antiseptic surgery.

(D) An $ECG$ (Electrocardiogram) is a diagnostic tool that records the electrical activity of the heart over a period of time.
It is used to detect various cardiac abnormalities.
$1$. Heart attack (Myocardial infarction): $ECG$ shows characteristic changes like $ST$-segment elevation or depression,indicating damage to the heart muscle.
$2$. Heart block: $ECG$ helps identify delays or interruptions in the electrical conduction system of the heart.
$3$. Coronary thrombosis: This condition,which often leads to a heart attack,can be identified through $ECG$ changes resulting from reduced blood flow to the heart muscle.
Therefore,$ECG$ is used to detect all of the mentioned conditions.

(D) An $ECG$ (Electrocardiogram) is a graphical representation of the electrical activity of the heart during a cardiac cycle.
It records the electrical impulses generated by both the atria (auricles) and the ventricles.
The $P$-wave represents the electrical excitation (depolarization) of the atria,while the $QRS$ complex represents the depolarization of the ventricles.
Therefore,an $ECG$ provides information about the electrical activity of both the auricles and the ventricles.

(C) The correct answer is $EMG$ (Electromyography).
$EMG$ is a diagnostic procedure used to assess the health of muscles and the nerve cells that control them (motor neurons).
$ECG$ (Electrocardiogram) is used to record the electrical activity of the heart.
$EEG$ (Electroencephalogram) is used to detect electrical activity in the brain.
Therefore,$EMG$ is the specific technique used to diagnose muscle disorders.

(A) The $EEG$ (Electroencephalogram) is a test used to evaluate the electrical activity in the brain.
Hans Berger,a German psychiatrist,was the first person to record the human $EEG$ in $1924$.
He discovered the alpha wave,which is often referred to as the 'Berger wave'.
Therefore,the correct option is $A$.

(D) $EEG$ (Electroencephalogram) is a medical test used to measure and record the electrical activity of the brain.
It is highly effective in diagnosing various neurological disorders.
$1$. Epilepsy: $EEG$ is the primary tool for detecting abnormal electrical discharges in the brain associated with seizures.
$2$. Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain often causes changes in brain wave patterns that can be identified via $EEG$.
$3$. Dementia: $EEG$ can show generalized slowing of brain waves,which is often observed in various forms of dementia.
Therefore,$EEG$ is useful in diagnosing all these conditions.

(A) The instrument used to measure blood pressure is known as a $Sphygmomanometer$.
It consists of an inflatable cuff to restrict blood flow and a mercury or mechanical manometer to measure the pressure.
$Stethoscope$ is used for listening to internal body sounds,such as the heartbeat.
$Ultrasound$ is an imaging technique using high-frequency sound waves.
Therefore,the correct option is $A$.

(D) $MET$ stands for Magnetoencephalography. It is a non-invasive neuroimaging technique for mapping brain activity by recording magnetic fields produced by electrical currents occurring naturally in the brain. It is primarily used to investigate brain health and diagnose various brain diseases such as epilepsy,tumors,and functional brain disorders. Therefore,both $(a)$ and $(b)$ are correct.

(A) $MET$ stands for $Magnetoencephalography$. It is a functional neuroimaging technique for mapping brain activity by recording magnetic fields produced by electrical currents occurring naturally in the brain,using very sensitive magnetometers.

(C) An autoanalyser is a laboratory instrument designed to automate the testing of blood samples and other body fluids.
It is primarily used to measure the concentration of various biochemical substances,such as glucose,cholesterol,enzymes,electrolytes,and proteins,in samples like blood serum or plasma.
By automating these tests,it provides rapid and accurate results for clinical diagnosis.
Therefore,the correct option is $C$.

(B) $X$-rays were discovered by the German physicist $Wilhelm \ Roentgen$ in $1895$.
He was awarded the first Nobel Prize in Physics in $1901$ for this discovery.
$X$-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation used extensively in medical imaging to visualize the internal structures of the body.

(B) $X$-rays were discovered by the German physicist Wilhelm Conrad $R$öntgen in the year $1895$.
He was experimenting with cathode ray tubes when he observed a new type of radiation that could pass through opaque objects.
This discovery revolutionized medical diagnostics by allowing non-invasive imaging of internal body structures.

(D) Radiology is a branch of medicine that uses imaging technology to diagnose and treat diseases within the body.
It primarily involves the use of $X$-rays and other forms of electromagnetic radiation to create images of internal structures.
Therefore,radiology is fundamentally associated with the study and application of $X$-rays for medical diagnostics.

(D) $X$-ray imaging is a medical diagnostic technique that uses electromagnetic radiation to create images of the internal structures of the body.
$1$. $X$-rays are most commonly used to visualize $\text{Bones}$ because calcium in bones absorbs $X$-rays, making them appear white on the film.
$2$. They are also used to diagnose diseases of the $\text{Lungs}$ (such as pneumonia or tuberculosis) by detecting abnormalities in the chest cavity.
$3$. While specialized $X$-ray techniques (like angiography) can be used to visualize blood vessels and the $\text{Heart}$, $X$-ray imaging is a broad diagnostic tool used across these systems.
Therefore, $X$-ray imaging is employed for diagnosing conditions related to all the listed options.

(D) Computed Tomography $(CT)$ scanning,also referred to as Computerized Axial Tomography $(CAT)$ scanning,is a medical imaging technique.
It utilizes $X$-rays combined with computer algorithms to create cross-sectional images of the body.
Compared to standard $X$-rays,$CT$ scans provide much higher resolution and detailed anatomical information.
They are versatile and can be used to image any part of the body,including the brain,chest,abdomen,and pelvis.
Therefore,all the given statements are correct.

(D) $CT$ (Computed Tomography) scanning is a medical imaging technique that uses $X$-rays and computer processing to create detailed cross-sectional images of the body.
It is highly effective in diagnosing diseases and abnormalities in various parts of the body, including the $Brain$ (e.g., tumors, strokes), $Spinal$ $cord$ (e.g., injuries, herniated discs), and $Chest$ (e.g., lung infections, tumors, heart conditions).
Therefore, $CT$ scanning is used for the diagnosis of diseases in all of these regions.

(C) $PET$ stands for Positron Emission Tomography.
It is a nuclear medicine functional imaging technique.
It uses a radioactive tracer that emits positrons,which are the antiparticles of electrons (positively charged electrons).
When these positrons encounter electrons in the body,they annihilate,producing gamma rays that are detected by the scanner to create images of metabolic activity.

(A) positron emitting isotope is an isotope that undergoes beta-plus decay,where a proton is converted into a neutron,emitting a positron and a neutrino.
Nitrogen-$13$ $(^{13}N)$ is a well-known radioisotope that decays by positron emission with a half-life of approximately $10$ minutes.
It is widely used in Positron Emission Tomography $(PET)$ scans in medical diagnostics.
Carbon-$14$ is a beta-minus emitter,and Oxygen-$16$ is a stable isotope.
Therefore,the correct option is $A$.

(A) $PET$ (Positron Emission Tomography) imaging is a nuclear medicine functional imaging technique that is used to observe metabolic processes in the body as well as to measure the chemical activity of tissues.
It detects pairs of gamma rays emitted indirectly by a positron-emitting radionuclide,which is introduced into the body on a biologically active molecule (like glucose).
This allows for the visualization of functional processes in the body,making it superior for studying metabolic activity compared to structural imaging techniques like $MRI$ or $CT$ scans.

(D) $NMR$ (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) imaging,commonly known as $MRI$,is superior to $CT$ scanning for several reasons:
$1$. It provides excellent soft tissue contrast,allowing for much better differentiation between normal and abnormal tissues compared to $CT$ scans.
$2$. Unlike $CT$ scans,which use ionizing $X$-ray radiation,$NMR$ uses magnetic fields and radio waves,making it free from radiation hazards.
$3$. $NMR$ imaging allows for the acquisition of images in any plane (axial,sagittal,coronal,or oblique) without moving the patient,providing greater flexibility in diagnostic imaging.

(C) $PET$ (Positron Emission Tomography) scanning uses radioactive tracers that emit positrons,which are ionising radiations.
$CT$ (Computed Tomography) scanning uses $X-$rays,which are a form of ionising radiation.
$NMR$ (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance),commonly known as $MRI$ (Magnetic Resonance Imaging),uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to generate images. Radio waves are non-ionising radiations.
Contrast $X-$ray imaging uses $X-$rays,which are ionising radiations.
Therefore,$NMR$ is the correct answer as it does not use ionising radiation.

(B) Ultrasound waves are generated using the piezoelectric effect. When an alternating electric potential is applied to certain crystals,such as quartz or piezoelectric ceramics like Lead Zirconate Titanate $(PZT)$,they undergo mechanical deformation (vibration),which produces ultrasound waves. Among the given options,Lead zirconate is a component of piezoelectric materials used in transducers.

(D) Ultrasound imaging,also known as sonography,uses high-frequency sound waves to create images of the inside of the body.
It is a versatile diagnostic tool used for various medical conditions.
$1$. Gallstones: Ultrasound is the gold standard for detecting gallstones in the gallbladder.
$2$. Cirrhosis: It is used to assess the liver's texture and detect signs of cirrhosis or liver damage.
$3$. Brain: In infants (before the fontanelle closes),ultrasound is used to image the brain. In adults,it can be used during neurosurgery or to assess blood flow in brain vessels (transcranial Doppler).
Since ultrasound is used for all these conditions,the correct answer is $D$.

(B) Lasers are commonly referred to as a "light knife" in surgical procedures.
This is because high-intensity laser beams can be focused to cut through biological tissues with extreme precision, while simultaneously cauterizing blood vessels to minimize bleeding.
This technology is widely used in various fields such as ophthalmology, dermatology, and general surgery.

(C) $CAT$ (Computed Axial Tomography) scan,also known as a $CT$ scan,uses $X$-rays and computer processing to create detailed cross-sectional images of the body's internal structures.
$ECG$ is used to measure electrical activity of the heart.
$EEG$ is used to measure electrical activity of the brain.
$PET$ scan is a nuclear medicine functional imaging technique used to observe metabolic processes in the body.

(A) $MRI$ (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) is a medical imaging technique that uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to generate detailed images of the organs in the body.
It works by detecting the signals emitted by hydrogen nuclei (protons) present in the water molecules of the body's tissues.
Since different tissues have varying water content,$MRI$ can produce high-contrast images that help in diagnosing various medical conditions.

(B) An ureteric calculus (kidney stone in the ureter) causes an obstruction in the flow of urine from the kidney to the bladder.
This obstruction can lead to severe pain (renal colic) and damage to the lining of the ureter,resulting in the presence of blood in the urine,known as haematuria.
If the stone completely blocks the ureter,it can lead to a cessation of urine output,known as anuria.
Therefore,$Anuria$ and $haematuria$ are the most direct clinical symptoms associated with an ureteric calculus.

(B) The $CT$-scan (Computed Tomography scan) is a diagnostic imaging technique that uses $X$-rays to create detailed cross-sectional images of the body.
$PET$ (Positron Emission Tomography) uses radioactive tracers.
$ECG$ (Electrocardiogram) records the electrical activity of the heart.
Sonography (Ultrasound) uses high-frequency sound waves.

(A) Barium $X$-ray examination,often called a Barium meal or Barium swallow,is a medical imaging technique used to examine the gastrointestinal tract.
Barium sulfate is used as a radiocontrast agent because it is opaque to $X$-rays.
When a patient swallows or is administered a Barium suspension,it coats the lining of the esophagus,stomach,and intestines.
This allows the internal structures of the digestive tract to be clearly visualized on $X$-ray images,helping to detect ulcers,tumors,or blockages.

(B) $PET$ $(Positron \, Emission \, Tomography)$ is a functional imaging technique that uses radioactive tracers to visualize metabolic processes in the body. The development of $PET$ scanning for human use,particularly in the context of mapping brain function,is largely attributed to the work of $Louis \, Sokoloff$ and his colleagues in the $1970s$. While other researchers contributed to the underlying physics and instrumentation,$Louis \, Sokoloff$ pioneered the use of the $14C-deoxyglucose$ method to measure local cerebral glucose metabolism,which laid the foundation for modern $PET$ imaging.

(C) Pacemakers are medical devices that use electrical impulses to regulate the heartbeat. The power source for these devices must be long-lasting,reliable,and safe for implantation. Lithium-iodine batteries (a type of lithium halide cell) are the standard choice for pacemakers because they have a high energy density,a very low self-discharge rate,and a long operational life,typically lasting $7$ to $10$ years.

(A) Positron Emission Tomography $(PET)$ scanning is a functional imaging technique that uses radioactive tracers to map metabolic activity in the brain.
Unlike $CT$ or $MRI$ (which primarily provide structural information),$PET$ scans can detect changes in blood flow and glucose metabolism associated with specific neural activities.
Therefore,scientists use $PET$ scanning to identify the active regions of the human visual cortex involved in colour processing and perception.

(C) The intra-aortic balloon pump $(IABP)$ is a mechanical device used to help the heart pump blood. The balloon is inflated and deflated in synchronization with the cardiac cycle. Helium is used as the inflation gas because it has low density and low viscosity,which allows for rapid inflation and deflation of the balloon. Additionally,if the balloon were to rupture,helium is inert and would be absorbed by the blood without causing an embolism.

(B) $NMR$ stands for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance.
$NMR$ scanning,commonly known as $MRI$ (Magnetic Resonance Imaging),uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to generate detailed images of the organs and tissues within the body.
Sonography uses ultrasound waves.
$PET$ scanning uses radioactive tracers.
$CT$ scanning uses $X$-rays.

(B) The first successful human-to-human heart transplant was performed by Dr. Christiaan Barnard on December $3, 1967$,at Groote Schuur Hospital in Cape Town,South Africa. The patient was Louis Washkansky.

(A) The $QRS$ complex in an $ECG$ represents the depolarization of the ventricles,which initiates ventricular contraction (systole).
- The $P$-wave represents the electrical excitation (depolarization) of the atria,which leads to the contraction of both the atria.
- The $QRS$ complex represents the depolarization of the ventricles,which initiates the ventricular contraction.
- The $T$-wave represents the return of the ventricles from an excited to a normal state (repolarization),marking the end of the systole.

(A) An implant is a medical device manufactured to replace a missing biological structure,support a damaged biological structure,or enhance an existing biological structure.
$A$ pacemaker is an electronic device that is surgically implanted into the body to regulate the heartbeat by sending electrical impulses to the heart muscle.
$B$ Medical lasers are tools used for surgery,not implanted.
$C$ An oxygenator is an external device used during heart-lung bypass surgery to oxygenate the blood.
$D$ $PET$ scanning is a diagnostic imaging technique,not an implant.

(C) $Pacemaker$ is a small medical device that is placed under the skin in the chest or abdomen to help control abnormal heart rhythms. It uses electrical pulses to prompt the heart to beat at a normal rate. It is specifically used to treat $bradycardia$ (a condition where the heart beats too slowly) or other arrhythmias where the heart's natural electrical system is not functioning correctly. While $Vascular \text{ } grafts$ are used to bypass blocked arteries and $Intra-aortic \text{ } balloon \text{ } pumps$ are used to assist heart function in acute cardiac failure, the $Pacemaker$ is the primary device used to normalize the rate of a slow heartbeat.

(C) The normal heart rate of a healthy adult at rest typically ranges between $70$ and $80$ beats per minute. While the standard average is often cited as $72$ beats per minute,the range of $70-80$ is considered the normal physiological range for a healthy individual.

(C) pacemaker is a small medical device that is implanted in the chest to help control the heartbeat.
Its primary function is to send electrical impulses to the heart muscle to maintain a suitable heart rate.
In patients with arrhythmias or conduction defects,the natural pacemaker (the $SA$ node) may fail to function correctly.
The artificial pacemaker acts as a substitute to initiate and regulate the rhythmic contractions of the heart,thereby ensuring that the heartbeat is maintained at a normal pace.