Diabetes millitus and Cardiovascular diseases Questions in English

(A) In patients with $Diabetes \text{ } mellitus$, the body cannot utilize glucose effectively due to a lack of insulin or insulin resistance.
Even when a patient is on a carbohydrate-free diet, the body maintains blood glucose levels through a process called $Gluconeogenesis$.
During $Gluconeogenesis$, the liver converts non-carbohydrate precursors, primarily amino acids (derived from protein breakdown), into glucose.
Since the patient's insulin mechanism is impaired, this newly synthesized glucose is not taken up by cells and is instead excreted in the urine.

(D) Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia (high blood glucose levels).
When blood glucose levels exceed the renal threshold,the kidneys cannot reabsorb all the glucose,leading to its excretion in the urine (glycosuria).
High glucose levels in the urine create an osmotic effect,which prevents water reabsorption in the renal tubules,resulting in increased urine production and frequent urination (polyuria or increased micturition).
Therefore,all the given options are associated with diabetes mellitus.

(A) Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia (raised blood glucose levels) due to a deficiency or resistance to insulin.
When insulin is insufficient,the body cannot utilize glucose for energy.
Consequently,the body shifts to the breakdown of fats and proteins to meet its energy requirements,leading to increased fat and protein metabolism.

(D) $Patau's$ syndrome,also known as $Trisomy$ $13$,is a chromosomal condition caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome $13$. Individuals with this syndrome frequently exhibit severe developmental abnormalities,including significant congenital heart defects,which are a primary cause of mortality in these patients.

(C) $PCR$ (Polymerase Chain Reaction) is a molecular biology technique used to amplify specific segments of $DNA$.
By amplifying a specific region of the $DNA$ molecule,researchers can detect mutations or genetic variations,which helps in the diagnosis of the genetic basis of a disorder.

(D) $Diphtheria$ is a bacterial infection primarily affecting the respiratory system, specifically the mucous membranes of the throat and nose.
$Hypertension$ (high blood pressure), $Coronary thrombosis$ (blockage of coronary arteries), and $Diabetes mellitus$ (which significantly impacts cardiovascular health and blood vessel integrity) are all closely associated with the circulatory system.
Therefore, $Diphtheria$ is the correct answer as it is not a circulatory system disorder.

(B) Dr. Christiaan Barnard,a South African surgeon,performed the first human heart transplant operation in $1967$ in Cape Town,South Africa.
His patient survived for $18$ days after the procedure.

(A) Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia).
It is primarily caused by the deficiency or ineffective action of the hormone $Insulin$,which is secreted by the $\beta$-cells of the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas.
$Insulin$ is essential for the uptake of glucose by cells from the blood; therefore,its lack leads to an accumulation of glucose in the bloodstream.

(D) An $ECG$ (Electrocardiogram) is a diagnostic tool that records the electrical activity of the heart over a period of time.
$1$. $Coronary$ $\text{ thrombosis}$: $ECG$ helps identify ischemia or damage to the heart muscle caused by blocked coronary arteries.
$2$. $Heart$ $attack$ $(Myocardial$ $infarction)$: $ECG$ shows characteristic changes like $ST$-segment elevation or depression, which are indicative of a heart attack.
$3$. $Heart$ $block$: $ECG$ is essential for detecting delays or interruptions in the electrical conduction system of the heart.
Since $ECG$ is used to diagnose all these conditions, the correct answer is $D$.

(B) Alloxan is a toxic glucose analogue that selectively destroys the $Beta-$ cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas.
These $Beta-$ cells are responsible for the production and secretion of insulin.
By destroying these cells,Alloxan induces experimental diabetes mellitus in laboratory animals,making it a standard tool for studying the disease.

(D) Diabetes insipidus is a condition caused by the deficiency of the hormone $ADH$ (Antidiuretic Hormone),also known as vasopressin.
This hormone is synthesized by the hypothalamus and stored/released by the posterior pituitary gland.
In patients with this condition,the neurons in the hypothalamus fail to secrete sufficient amounts of $ADH$,leading to the inability of the kidneys to conserve water,resulting in excessive urination and thirst.

(D) Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia).
It occurs due to the deficiency or reduced secretion of insulin.
Insulin is secreted by the $\beta$-cells (beta-cells) of the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas.
When the $\beta$-cells are in a state of hypo-secretion (reduced activity or number),the body cannot regulate blood sugar effectively,leading to diabetes mellitus.

(B) $Diabetes$ $Mellitus$ is characterized by high blood glucose levels due to insulin deficiency or resistance.
$1$. $Polyuria$ (excessive urination) occurs because the kidneys excrete excess glucose along with water.
$2$. $Glycosuria$ (glucose in urine) is a hallmark of this condition.
$3$. $Ketoacidosis$ occurs when the body breaks down fats for energy,producing ketones.
$4$. In $Diabetes$ $Mellitus$,patients typically experience $Polyphagia$ (excessive hunger) rather than a loss of appetite,because cells are unable to utilize glucose for energy.

(A) Statement $I$ is incorrect because diabetes mellitus can occur in both adults and children (e.g.,Type $1$ diabetes is often diagnosed in children).
Statement $II$ is incorrect because diabetes mellitus is caused by the deficiency or impaired action of insulin,which leads to reduced glucose uptake by cells,resulting in hyperglycemia (high blood glucose levels),not excessive movement of glucose into cells.
Therefore,both statements are incorrect.