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Mix Example-Environmental Issues Questions in English

Class 12 Biology · Environmental Issues · Mix Example-Environmental Issues

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301
EasyMCQ
What percentage of forest cover for hills has been recommended by the National Forest Policy $(1988)$ of India (in $;\%$)?
A
$33$
B
$67$
C
$19.4$
D
$23$

Solution

(B) The National Forest Policy $(1988)$ of India recommended a forest cover of $67\;\%$ for hilly regions and $33\;\%$ for plains areas to maintain ecological balance.
302
EasyMCQ
The Government of India has introduced a concept to work closely with local communities for the protection and management of forests,which is called:
A
Chipko movement
B
Jhum cultivation
C
Joint Forest Management
D
Appiko movement

Solution

(C) The Government of India introduced the concept of Joint Forest Management $(JFM)$ in the $1980s$. This initiative was designed to involve local communities in the protection and management of forests. In return for their services to the forest,the communities get benefit of various forest products (e.g.,fruits,gum,rubber,medicine) and thus the forest can be conserved in a sustainable manner.
303
EasyMCQ
Match the following columns:
Column-$I$Column-$II$
$(a)$. Ozone thickness$(i)$. $UV$ rays
$(b)$. $CFC$$(ii)$. Refrigerator
$(c)$. $El$ Nino effect$(iii)$. Temperature increase
$(d)$. Skin cancer$(iv)$. Dobson unit
A
$a(i), b(ii), c(iii), d(iv)$
B
$a(ii), b(iii), c(iv), d(i)$
C
$a(iv), b(ii), c(iii), d(i)$
D
$a(iii), b(iv), c(ii), d(i)$

Solution

(C) The correct matches are as follows:
$1$. Ozone thickness is measured in Dobson units $(DU)$. Thus, $(a)-(iv)$.
$2$. $CFC$s (Chlorofluorocarbons) are primarily used as coolants in refrigerators and air conditioners. Thus, $(b)-(ii)$.
$3$. The $El$ Nino effect is associated with global warming and an increase in global temperature. Thus, $(c)-(iii)$.
$4$. Skin cancer is caused by excessive exposure to harmful $UV$ rays due to ozone depletion. Thus, $(d)-(i)$.
Therefore, the correct sequence is $a(iv), b(ii), c(iii), d(i)$.
304
EasyMCQ
The Chipko movement is related to the conservation of forests in:
A
Garhwal Himalayas
B
South India
C
Rajasthan
D
Gujarat

Solution

(A) The Chipko movement was a non-violent,social,and ecological movement by rural villagers,particularly women,in India. It began in the early $1970s$ in the Garhwal Himalayas region of Uttarakhand. The primary objective of the movement was to protect trees and forests from being destroyed by commercial logging contractors.
305
MediumMCQ
What is the effect of an algal bloom in a lake?
A
Increases $CO_2$ level
B
Leads to oxygen depletion
C
Kills fishes
D
All of these

Solution

(D) An algal bloom occurs due to the excessive growth of algae caused by nutrient enrichment (eutrophication).
$1$. As these algae die,their decomposition by microorganisms consumes a large amount of dissolved oxygen in the water.
$2$. This leads to severe oxygen depletion in the lake.
$3$. The lack of oxygen (hypoxia) results in the death of aquatic organisms,including fishes.
$4$. Additionally,the decomposition process releases $CO_2$.
Therefore,all the given statements are correct.
306
MediumMCQ
Consider the following statements:
$(a)$. $40\%$ of the forest has been lost in the tropics.
$(b)$. $JFM$ was introduced in $1965$ by the $UNCED$.
$(c)$. The Bishnoi community belongs to Odisha and played a major role in the conservation of forests.
$(d)$. The Chipko movement started in the Garhwal Himalayas.
A
$a$ and $c$ are correct
B
$b$ and $c$ are incorrect
C
$c$ is correct
D
$c$ and $d$ are correct

Solution

(B) Statement $(a)$ is correct: According to estimates,$40\%$ of forests have been lost in the tropics,compared to only $1\%$ in the temperate regions.
Statement $(b)$ is incorrect: $JFM$ (Joint Forest Management) was introduced in India in the $1980$s by the Government of India,not by $UNCED$ in $1965$.
Statement $(c)$ is incorrect: The Bishnoi community belongs to Rajasthan,not Odisha. They are famous for their role in the conservation of forests,specifically the Khejri trees.
Statement $(d)$ is correct: The Chipko movement started in the Garhwal Himalayas in $1974$ to protect trees from being cut down.
Therefore,statements $(b)$ and $(c)$ are incorrect.
307
MediumMCQ
Which of the following statements is correct?
A
$CFC$s are discharged in the lower part of the atmosphere,move upward,and reach the stratosphere.
B
The Montreal Protocol was signed to reduce $CO_2$ emissions.
C
An ozone hole is a small pore created in the tropospheric ozone layer.
D
Jhum cultivation is a method of afforestation.

Solution

(A) Option $A$ is correct because Chlorofluorocarbons ($CFC$s) are released in the lower atmosphere and eventually reach the stratosphere,where they cause ozone depletion.
Option $B$ is incorrect because the Montreal Protocol was signed to control the emission of ozone-depleting substances,not $CO_2$.
Option $C$ is incorrect because the ozone hole refers to the thinning of the ozone layer in the stratosphere,not the troposphere.
Option $D$ is incorrect because Jhum cultivation (slash-and-burn agriculture) is a major cause of deforestation,not afforestation.
308
MediumMCQ
Which one of the following pairs is not correctly matched?
A
$NEERI$ - Nagpur
B
Byssinosis - Lung fibrosis due to iron particles
C
Hay fever - Skin allergy and asthma
D
Photochemical smog - Inhibits $ETS$

Solution

(B) The correct answer is $B$. Byssinosis is an occupational lung disease caused by the inhalation of cotton dust,not iron particles. Iron particles cause Siderosis. Additionally,Hay fever is primarily an allergic reaction to pollen,often manifesting as rhinitis,though it can trigger asthma. However,$B$ is the most clearly incorrect statement provided.
309
MediumMCQ
Which one of the following pairs is not correctly matched?
A
Production of sulphur dioxide - Burning of coal
B
Depletion of ozone layer - Release of $CFCs$ in the atmosphere
C
Eutrophication - Increase in nitrogen and phosphorus content in aquatic bodies
D
Decrease in $BOD$ of pond water - Increase in global temperature

Solution

(D) The correct answer is $D$. The pair 'Decrease in $BOD$ of pond water - Increase in global temperature' is incorrectly matched. $BOD$ stands for Biochemical Oxygen Demand. When the amount of organic matter in water increases,the $BOD$ increases because microorganisms consume more oxygen to decompose the organic waste. An increase in global temperature (global warming) does not cause a decrease in $BOD$; rather,it can affect the dissolved oxygen levels in water,but it is not the direct cause of a decrease in $BOD$.
310
MediumMCQ
Ecological backlash (or Ecological Boomerang) is:
A
Heat emission due to bomb explosion
B
Production of useful ecological effect by a previously useful chemical
C
Formation of secondary pollutant from reaction of primary pollutants
D
Production of adverse ecological effect by a previously useful chemical

Solution

(D) Ecological backlash,also known as an Ecological boomerang,refers to the phenomenon where a chemical substance that was initially considered useful or beneficial for a specific purpose later causes unexpected and adverse ecological effects on the environment or non-target organisms. $A$ classic example is the use of $DDT$,which was initially used as an effective insecticide but later caused severe environmental damage and bioaccumulation.
311
EasyMCQ
Select the incorrect statement.
A
$I.A.P.$ - Indian Atmospheric Pollution
B
$U.N.E.P.$ - United Nations Environment Programme
C
$C.C.C.$ - Convention on Climate Change
D
$O.D.P.$ - Ozone Depleting Potential

Solution

(A) The abbreviation $I.A.P.$ stands for $Index$ $of$ $Air$ $Pollution$,not Indian Atmospheric Pollution. Therefore,option $A$ is the incorrect statement.
312
EasyMCQ
Reduction in soil fertility due to erosion is an example of
A
Positive pollution
B
Negative pollution
C
Third pollution
D
Landscape pollution

Solution

(B) Pollution is categorized into two types based on the nature of the pollutant's effect on the environment:
$1$. Positive pollution: This occurs due to the addition of undesirable substances to the environment (e.g.,fertilizers,pesticides,or industrial waste).
$2$. Negative pollution: This occurs due to the removal or reduction of useful components from the environment,such as the loss of topsoil fertility due to erosion or the depletion of groundwater.
Therefore,the reduction in soil fertility due to erosion is an example of negative pollution.
313
MediumMCQ
Which of the following is not an effect of global warming?
A
More extreme weather conditions
B
Poleward shifting of organisms
C
Rise of sea level
D
Good fungal growth in soil

Solution

(D) Global warming refers to the gradual increase in the Earth's average temperature due to the greenhouse effect.
Its major effects include:
$1$. More extreme weather conditions (e.g.,heat waves,intense storms).
$2$. Poleward shifting of organisms as they migrate to cooler regions.
$3$. Rise in sea levels due to the melting of polar ice caps and glaciers.
Good fungal growth in soil is not a direct consequence or effect of global warming.
314
EasyMCQ
Arrange $CFC, CH_4, N_2O$ and $CO_2$ in decreasing order according to their contribution in the greenhouse effect.
A
$CO_2 > N_2O > CFC > CH_4$
B
$CFC > CO_2 > CH_4 > N_2O$
C
$CH_4 > CFC > N_2O > CO_2$
D
$CO_2 > CH_4 > CFC > N_2O$

Solution

(D) The relative contribution of various greenhouse gases to the global greenhouse effect is as follows: $CO_2$ contributes approximately $60\%$,$CH_4$ contributes $20\%$,$CFCs$ contribute $14\%$,and $N_2O$ contributes $6\%$. Therefore,the correct decreasing order of their contribution is $CO_2 > CH_4 > CFC > N_2O$.
315
EasyMCQ
Which of the following conferences obtained commitments from different countries for reducing overall greenhouse gas emissions to a level $5\%$ below $1990$ levels by $2008-2012$?
A
Kyoto Protocol,$1997$
B
Earth Summit,Rio de Janeiro,$1992$
C
Montreal Protocol,$1987$
D
Helsinki Declaration,$1989$

Solution

(A) The Kyoto Protocol,adopted in $1997$,is an international treaty that extended the $1992$ United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change $(UNFCCC)$.
It committed state parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions based on the scientific consensus that global warming is occurring and that human-made $CO_2$ emissions are driving it.
The protocol set legally binding targets for industrialized countries to reduce their collective greenhouse gas emissions by an average of $5\%$ against $1990$ levels over the five-year period of $2008-2012$.
316
MediumMCQ
Match the Column-$I$ with Column-$II$:
Column-$I$ Column-$II$
$(a)$. Pyrolysis $(i)$. Methaemoglobinemia
$(b)$. Carbon monoxide $(ii)$. Chronic exposure to arsenic
$(c)$. Blue baby syndrome $(iii)$. Asphyxia and giddiness
$(d)$. Black foot disease $(iv)$. Disposal of hospital waste
A
$a(iv), b(i), c(ii), d(iii)$
B
$a(i), b(iii), c(iv), d(ii)$
C
$a(iv), b(iii), c(i), d(ii)$
D
$a(ii), b(iii), c(i), d(iv)$

Solution

(C) The correct matches are as follows:
$1$. Pyrolysis is a process used for the disposal of hospital waste.
$2$. Carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin,reducing oxygen transport,which leads to asphyxia and giddiness.
$3$. Blue baby syndrome (Methaemoglobinemia) is caused by high nitrate levels in drinking water.
$4$. Black foot disease is caused by chronic exposure to arsenic in groundwater.
Therefore,the correct sequence is $a(iv), b(iii), c(i), d(ii)$.
317
EasyMCQ
Agenda-$21$ was adopted in
A
Kyoto protocol
B
Earth summit
C
Helsinki declaration
D
Montreal protocol

Solution

(B) Agenda-$21$ is a comprehensive plan of action to be taken globally,nationally,and locally by organizations of the United Nations System,Governments,and Major Groups in every area in which human impacts on the environment occur.
It was adopted by more than $178$ Governments at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development $(UNCED)$ held in Rio de Janeiro,Brazil,in $1992$,which is popularly known as the Earth Summit.
318
MediumMCQ
$A$: Ecological sanitation is a sustainable system for handling human excreta.
$R$: It is a practical and hygienic method of using dry composting toilets.
A
Assertion and Reason both are correct and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
B
Assertion and Reason both are correct but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
C
Assertion is correct,but Reason is incorrect.
D
Both Assertion and Reason are incorrect.

Solution

(A) Ecological sanitation (Ecosan) is a sustainable system for handling human excreta using dry composting toilets.
This method is practical,hygienic,and cost-effective.
It reduces the need for chemical fertilizers by recycling human waste into natural manure.
Therefore,the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.
319
MediumMCQ
$A$: $El$ $Nino$ is a climatic change which causes deleterious environmental changes.
$R$: Increased tropospheric ozone due to $El$ $Nino$ causes a shift of climatic regions.
A
Assertion and Reason both are correct and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
B
Assertion and Reason both are correct but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
C
Assertion is correct,but Reason is incorrect.
D
Both Assertion and Reason are incorrect.

Solution

(C) $El$ $Nino$ is a complex weather pattern resulting from variations in ocean temperatures in the Equatorial Pacific,which leads to significant and often deleterious environmental changes globally.
However,the Reason provided is incorrect.
Tropospheric ozone is primarily formed by photochemical reactions involving nitrogen oxides $(NO_x)$ and volatile organic compounds $(VOCs)$ in the presence of sunlight,not directly as a result of $El$ $Nino$ events.
Therefore,the Assertion is correct,but the Reason is incorrect.
320
MediumMCQ
$A$ : Montreal Protocol suggested the reduction of $ODS$.
$R$ : $A$ landmark international agreement taken in Earth summit held at Rio de Janeiro.
A
Assertion and Reason both are correct and also correct explanation.
B
Assertion and Reason both are correct but not explanation of assertion.
C
Assertion is correct,but Reason is incorrect.
D
Both Assertion and Reason are incorrect.

Solution

(C) The Montreal Protocol was signed in $1987$ in Montreal,Canada,to control the emission of ozone-depleting substances $(ODS)$.
Therefore,the Assertion is correct.
The Earth Summit was held in Rio de Janeiro in $1992$,which focused on sustainable development and biodiversity,not the Montreal Protocol.
Therefore,the Reason is incorrect.
321
MediumMCQ
$A$ : Irrigation without proper drainage of water leads to water logging in the soil.
$R$ : Water logging results in increased soil salinity.
A
Assertion and Reason both are correct and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
B
Assertion and Reason both are correct but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
C
Assertion is correct,but Reason is incorrect.
D
Both Assertion and Reason are incorrect.

Solution

(A) Irrigation without proper drainage of water leads to water logging in the soil.
Water logging draws salt to the surface of the soil.
As the water evaporates,it leaves behind a thin crust of salt,which increases soil salinity.
Therefore,both the Assertion and the Reason are correct,and the Reason is the correct explanation of the Assertion.
322
MediumMCQ
$A$: $A$ few toxic substances often present in industrial waste waters undergo biological magnification.
$R$: $A$ toxic substance can easily be metabolised or excreted by an organism.
A
Assertion and Reason both are correct and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
B
Assertion and Reason both are correct but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
C
Assertion is correct,but Reason is incorrect.
D
Both Assertion and Reason are incorrect.

Solution

(C) Biological magnification (biomagnification) refers to the increase in concentration of toxic substances at successive trophic levels. This phenomenon occurs because the toxic substance cannot be metabolised or excreted by an organism and thus gets accumulated in the body. Since the Reason states that toxic substances can be easily metabolised or excreted,it contradicts the definition of biomagnification. Therefore,the Assertion is correct,but the Reason is incorrect.
323
MediumMCQ
$A$: High concentration of atmospheric $SO_2$ and $NO_x$ causes acid rain.
$R$: It causes damage to foliage and growing points of plants.
A
Assertion and Reason both are correct and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
B
Assertion and Reason both are correct but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
C
Assertion is correct,but Reason is incorrect.
D
Both Assertion and Reason are incorrect.

Solution

(A) The Assertion is correct because the emission of sulfur dioxide $(SO_2)$ and nitrogen oxides $(NO_x)$ from industrial activities and vehicles reacts with atmospheric water vapor to form sulfuric acid and nitric acid,leading to acid rain.
The Reason is also correct because acid rain lowers the $pH$ of the soil and water bodies,which directly damages the foliage (leaves) and growing points (meristematic tissues) of plants,thereby inhibiting their growth and development.
Since the damage to plants is a direct consequence of the environmental impact caused by acid rain,the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.
324
MediumMCQ
$A$: Polyblend is a fine powder of recycled modified plastic.
$R$: The blend of polyblend and bitumen helps to increase road life by a factor of three.
A
Assertion and Reason both are correct and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
B
Assertion and Reason both are correct but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
C
Assertion is correct,but Reason is incorrect.
D
Both Assertion and Reason are incorrect.

Solution

(A) : Polyblend is a fine powder of recycled modified plastic,which was developed by Ahmed Khan. This is a correct statement.
$R$: When polyblend is mixed with bitumen (used to lay roads),it enhances the water-repellent properties of the bitumen and significantly increases the road life by a factor of three. This is also a correct statement and explains why polyblend is used in road construction.
Therefore,both statements are correct and the Reason is the correct explanation of the Assertion.
325
EasyMCQ
Rice fields produce an important greenhouse gas. Name it.
A
Carbon dioxide
B
Methane
C
Nitrous oxide
D
Chlorofluorocarbons

Solution

(B) Rice fields (paddy fields) are typically flooded with water,creating an anaerobic environment in the soil.
In these waterlogged conditions,anaerobic methanogenic bacteria thrive.
These bacteria decompose organic matter in the absence of oxygen and release $CH_4$ (Methane) as a byproduct.
Therefore,Methane is the important greenhouse gas produced in rice fields.
326
Medium
Mention various instances when people's participation helped in the conservation of forests.

Solution

(N/A) The Government of India has recently instituted the $Amrita Devi Bishnoi Wildlife Protection Award$ for individuals or communities from rural areas that have shown extraordinary courage and dedication in protecting wildlife.
$Chipko Movement$: In $1974$, local women of the Garhwal Himalayas showed tremendous courage in protecting trees from the axes of contractors by hugging them. People all over the world have appreciated the $Chipko movement$.
Realizing the importance of participation by local communities, the Government of India in the $1980s$ introduced the concept of $Joint Forest Management (JFM)$ to work closely with local communities for forest protection.
327
MediumMCQ
Inhabitants living close to very busy airports are likely to experience health hazards.
A
True
B
False
C
Cannot be determined
D
None of the above

Solution

(A) Sound levels produced by jet aeroplanes during takeoff and landing often exceed $160 \text{ dB}$.
Exposure to such high-intensity noise is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases.
Loud noise can cause a short-term increase in blood pressure $(BP)$ and heart rate.
Furthermore,chronic exposure to high noise levels significantly disturbs sleep patterns,leading to psychological stress and fatigue.
328
Easy
Match the columns:
Column-$I$Column-$II$
$(1)$ Arsenic$(a)$ Minamata disease
$(2)$ Nitrate$(b)$ Itai-itai disease
$(3)$ Mercury$(c)$ Blue baby syndrome
$(4)$ Cadmium$(d)$ Skeletal fluorosis
$(5)$ Fluoride$(e)$ Black foot disease

Solution

(A) The correct matches are as follows:
$(1)$ Arsenic causes Black foot disease $(e)$.
$(2)$ Nitrate causes Blue baby syndrome $(c)$ (Methemoglobinemia).
$(3)$ Mercury causes Minamata disease $(a)$.
$(4)$ Cadmium causes Itai-itai disease $(b)$.
$(5)$ Fluoride causes Skeletal fluorosis $(d)$.
Therefore, the correct matching is $(1-e, 2-c, 3-a, 4-b, 5-d)$.
329
Medium
Match the columns :
Column - $I$Column - $II$
$(1)$ Nitrous oxide$(a)$ Secondary pollutant from car exhaust.
$(2)$ Chlorofluorocarbons$(b)$ Combustion of fossil fuels,wood etc.
$(3)$ Methane$(c)$ Denitrification
$(4)$ Ozone$(d)$ Refrigerators,aerosols,sprays
$(5)$ Carbon dioxide$(e)$ Cattle,rice fields,toilets

Solution

(C) The correct matching is as follows:
$(1)$ Nitrous oxide is produced by the process of denitrification in soil,so $(1-c)$.
$(2)$ Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are primarily used in refrigerators,aerosols,and sprays,so $(2-d)$.
$(3)$ Methane is released from sources like cattle,rice fields,and anaerobic decomposition in toilets,so $(3-e)$.
$(4)$ Ozone in the troposphere is a secondary pollutant formed from car exhaust emissions,so $(4-a)$.
$(5)$ Carbon dioxide is released by the combustion of fossil fuels and wood,so $(5-b)$.
Therefore,the correct sequence is $(1-c, 2-d, 3-e, 4-a, 5-b)$.
330
EasyMCQ
What is the full form of $CPCB$?
A
Central Pollution Control Board
B
Central Power Control Board
C
Coastal Pollution Control Board
D
Central Pollution Conservation Board

Solution

(A) The full form of $CPCB$ is the Central Pollution Control Board. It is a statutory organization under the Ministry of Environment,Forest and Climate Change,established in $1974$ under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act,$1974$.
331
EasyMCQ
What is the full form of $PIL$?
A
Public Interest Litigation
B
Private Interest Litigation
C
Public International Law
D
Personal Interest Litigation

Solution

(A) The full form of $PIL$ is $Public$ $Interest$ $Litigation$.
$PIL$ is a legal action initiated in a court of law for the enforcement of public interest or general welfare in which the public or a class of the community has pecuniary interest or some interest by which their legal rights or liabilities are affected.
332
EasyMCQ
What is the full form of $FOAM$?
A
Friends of the Arcata Marsh
B
Friends of the Aquatic Marsh
C
Friends of the Arcata Management
D
Friends of the Atmospheric Marsh

Solution

(A) The full form of $FOAM$ is Friends of the Arcata Marsh.
This organization was involved in the integrated waste water treatment process in Arcata,California,where a series of marshes were created to filter and purify water.
333
EasyMCQ
Match the following important dates/events related to environmental issues in India:
$A$. $2002$
$B$. $1$ April $2005$
$I$. Bharat Stage $II$ applicable to all automobiles in the country.
$II$. All buses of Delhi were converted to run on $CNG$.
A
$A-II, B-I$
B
$A-I, B-II$
C
$A-I, B-I$
D
$A-II, B-II$

Solution

(A) $1$. In $2002$,all buses of Delhi were converted to run on $CNG$ to reduce air pollution.
$2$. On $1$ April $2005$,the Bharat Stage $II$ emission norms became applicable to all automobiles in the country.
334
EasyMCQ
What is the recommended forest cover for plains and hills according to the National Forest Policy of $1988$?
A
$33 \%$ for plains and $67 \%$ for hills
B
$67 \%$ for plains and $33 \%$ for hills
C
$20 \%$ for plains and $40 \%$ for hills
D
$40 \%$ for plains and $20 \%$ for hills

Solution

(A) The National Forest Policy of $1988$ was implemented to protect and improve the quality of forest cover in India.
It recommended that $33 \%$ of the land area should be under forest cover for the plains.
It recommended that $67 \%$ of the land area should be under forest cover for the hills.
335
EasyMCQ
What is the year associated with the Chipko movement?
A
$1970$
B
$1974$
C
$1980$
D
$1984$

Solution

(B) The Chipko movement,a non-violent social and ecological movement,began in $1974$ in the Garhwal Himalayas region of Uttarakhand,India. Local villagers,primarily women,hugged trees to prevent them from being felled by commercial loggers.
336
EasyMCQ
In which year did the Government of India introduce the concept of Joint Forest Management $(JFM)$?
A
$1970$
B
$1980$
C
$1990$
D
$2000$

Solution

(B) The Government of India introduced the concept of Joint Forest Management $(JFM)$ in the year $1980$.
This initiative was launched to involve local communities in the management and restoration of degraded forests.
Under this program,local communities are entitled to benefit from forest products,which provides them with an incentive to protect and manage the forests sustainably.
337
MediumMCQ
The entire fleet of buses in Delhi was converted to $CNG$ from diesel. In reference to this,which one of the following statements is false?
A
The same diesel engine is used in $CNG$ buses making the cost of conversion low.
B
It is cheaper than diesel.
C
It cannot be adulterated like diesel.
D
$CNG$ burns more efficiently than diesel.

Solution

(A) The conversion of Delhi's bus fleet to $CNG$ (Compressed Natural Gas) was a major step to reduce air pollution.
$CNG$ is a cleaner fuel compared to diesel.
Statement $A$ is false because $CNG$ requires a different engine design compared to diesel engines; they cannot be used interchangeably without significant modifications.
Statement $B$ is true as $CNG$ is generally cheaper than diesel.
Statement $C$ is true because $CNG$ is a gaseous fuel and cannot be easily adulterated like liquid diesel.
Statement $D$ is true because $CNG$ burns more efficiently and leaves very little unburnt fuel,leading to less pollution.
338
MediumMCQ
Select the correct statement regarding conventional chemical farming methods.
A
They kill both harmful and beneficial insect forms.
B
They cause pollution of soil,air,and water.
C
They lead to the problem of biomagnification in the food chain.
D
All of the above.

Solution

(D) Conventional chemical farming relies heavily on toxic chemicals,pesticides,and insecticides to control pests.
$1$. These chemicals are non-selective,meaning they kill both harmful pests and beneficial insects (like pollinators and natural predators).
$2$. The excessive use of these chemicals leads to the contamination of soil,air,and water resources.
$3$. Many of these chemicals are non-biodegradable and accumulate in the tissues of organisms,leading to biomagnification as they move up the food chain.
Therefore,all the given statements are correct.
339
MediumMCQ
How many of the following processes result in the release of $CO_2$ into the atmosphere? Burning of wood,forest fires,photosynthesis,combustion of fossil fuels,decomposition of organic matter,volcanic activity.
A
$3$
B
$4$
C
$5$
D
$6$

Solution

(C) Let us analyze each process:
$1$. Burning of wood: Releases $CO_2$ into the atmosphere.
$2$. Forest fires: Releases $CO_2$ into the atmosphere.
$3$. Photosynthesis: Consumes $CO_2$ from the atmosphere to produce glucose and oxygen.
$4$. Combustion of fossil fuels: Releases $CO_2$ into the atmosphere.
$5$. Decomposition of organic matter: Releases $CO_2$ into the atmosphere as a byproduct of microbial respiration.
$6$. Volcanic activity: Releases $CO_2$ trapped in the Earth's crust into the atmosphere.
Processes that release $CO_2$ are: Burning of wood,forest fires,combustion of fossil fuels,decomposition of organic matter,and volcanic activity. Total count = $5$.
340
EasyMCQ
The Government of India passed the Environment (Protection) Act in the year $............$.
A
$1981$
B
$1987$
C
$1986$
D
$1971$

Solution

(C) The Environment (Protection) Act was enacted by the Parliament of India in $1986$.
It was passed in May $1986$ and came into force on $19$ November $1986$.
The primary objective of this act is to provide for the protection and improvement of the environment and for matters connected therewith.
341
EasyMCQ
According to a $1990$ report,Delhi ranked $........$ among the $41$ most polluted cities in the world.
A
First
B
Second
C
Third
D
Fourth

Solution

(D) According to the $1990$ report on air pollution,Delhi was ranked as the $4^{th}$ most polluted city among the $41$ most polluted cities in the world. This data is highlighted in the $NCERT$ Biology textbook under the chapter 'Environmental Issues'.
342
MediumMCQ
What is the main difficulty in the transition to $CNG$?
A
Difficulty in laying down pipelines to deliver $CNG$ through distribution points/pumps and ensuring uninterrupted supply.
B
$CNG$ cannot be siphoned off by thieves.
C
$CNG$ is more efficiently combustible than petrol or diesel.
D
All of the above.

Solution

(A) The transition to $CNG$ (Compressed Natural Gas) as a fuel for public transport faces significant logistical challenges. The primary difficulty is the infrastructure requirement,specifically the need to lay down extensive networks of pipelines to deliver $CNG$ to distribution points or pumps and to ensure an uninterrupted supply of the gas to these stations. While $CNG$ is cleaner and harder to siphon than petrol or diesel,these factors are advantages,not difficulties. Therefore,the correct answer is $A$.
343
MediumMCQ
Select the incorrect statement$(s)$ from the following.
A
It is difficult to remove solid particles from polluted water.
B
It is easy to remove dissolved salts such as nitrates,phosphates,other nutrients,toxic metal ions,and organic compounds from polluted water.
C
Domestic sewage primarily contains biodegradable inorganic substances,which do not decompose easily.
D
All of the above.

Solution

(D) Analysis of the given statements:
$A$. The statement that it is difficult to remove solid particles is incorrect,as they can be easily removed through processes like filtration and sedimentation.
$B$. It is extremely difficult and expensive to remove dissolved salts,nitrates,phosphates,and toxic metal ions from polluted water,making this statement incorrect.
$C$. Domestic sewage primarily contains biodegradable organic substances,not inorganic substances. Therefore,this statement is also incorrect.
Since all the provided statements are incorrect,the correct option is $D$.
344
MediumMCQ
What happens when sewage is discharged into a river?
A
The $BOD$ value in the water increases.
B
The dissolved oxygen content in the water decreases.
C
The mortality rate of fish and other aquatic organisms increases.
D
All of the above.

Solution

(D) When sewage is discharged into a river,it introduces a large amount of organic matter.
Microorganisms like bacteria decompose this organic matter,which requires a significant amount of oxygen,leading to an increase in the Biological Oxygen Demand $(BOD)$.
As the $BOD$ increases,the amount of dissolved oxygen in the water decreases.
This depletion of dissolved oxygen causes the death of fish and other aquatic organisms due to suffocation.
Therefore,all the given statements are correct.
345
MediumMCQ
The figure shows the biomagnification of $DDT$ in an aquatic food chain. What could be the concentration of $DDT$ in $P$,$Q$,and $R$ respectively?
Question diagram
A
$2\,ppm, 0.5\,ppm, 0.04\,ppm$
B
$25\,ppm, 2\,ppm, 0.5\,ppm$
C
$0.5\,ppm, 2\,ppm, 25\,ppm$
D
$0.04\,ppm, 0.5\,ppm, 2\,ppm$

Solution

(A) Biomagnification refers to the increase in concentration of toxic substances at successive trophic levels in a food chain.
In the given aquatic food chain,the concentration of $DDT$ increases as we move from lower to higher trophic levels.
The levels are: Water $(0.003\,ppm)$ $\rightarrow$ Zooplankton $(0.04\,ppm)$ $\rightarrow$ Small fish $(0.5\,ppm)$ $\rightarrow$ Large fish $(2\,ppm)$ $\rightarrow$ Fish-eating birds $(25\,ppm)$.
Assuming $P$,$Q$,and $R$ represent the concentrations in large fish,small fish,and zooplankton respectively (or a similar sequence based on the options),we look for the sequence $2\,ppm, 0.5\,ppm, 0.04\,ppm$.
Therefore,option $A$ is the correct representation of the concentration values for these trophic levels.
346
EasyMCQ
$FOAM$ stands for $........$
A
$Friends$ $of$ $the$ $Arcata$ $Marsh$
B
$Friends$ $of$ $the$ $Arcatic$ $Marsh$
C
$Friends$ $of$ $the$ $American$ $Marsh$
D
$Friends$ $of$ $the$ $Asian$ $Marsh$

Solution

(A) $FOAM$ stands for $Friends$ $of$ $the$ $Arcata$ $Marsh$.
This is a group of citizens in $Arcata$,$California$,who created an integrated waste water treatment process.
They developed a series of $6$ connected marshes over $60$ hectares of marshland to treat wastewater naturally using plants,algae,fungi,and bacteria.
347
MediumMCQ
In Arcata,the integrated wastewater treatment was developed by creating a series of $6$ connected marshes. Its function is $............$
A
Cultivation of plants,algae,fungi,and bacteria
B
Neutralizing,absorbing,and assimilating pollutants
C
Water passing through these marshes gets purified naturally
D
All of the above

Solution

(D) The integrated wastewater treatment in Arcata involves a series of $6$ connected marshes.
These marshes are planted with appropriate plants,algae,fungi,and bacteria.
These organisms neutralize,absorb,and assimilate the pollutants present in the wastewater.
As the water flows through these marshes,it gets purified naturally.
Therefore,all the given options are correct.
348
EasyMCQ
Select the correct option for 'Ecosan'.
A
Operational in many parts of Kerala and Sri Lanka.
B
Reduces the requirement for chemical fertilizers.
C
Human excreta are recycled into natural fertilizer.
D
All of the above.

Solution

(D) 'Ecosan' is a sustainable and eco-friendly method for the disposal of human excreta.
$1$. In this method,human excreta are recycled into natural fertilizer,which reduces the requirement for chemical fertilizers.
$2$. This method is highly efficient,cost-effective,and practical.
$3$. This method has been successfully implemented in many regions,such as Sri Lanka and Kerala in India.
Therefore,all the given options are correct.
349
EasyMCQ
In the town of Arcata,the local people,in collaboration with biologists from $...........$,developed an integrated wastewater treatment process within a natural system.
A
Oxford University
B
Harvard University
C
Humboldt State University
D
$R$. $V$. College of Engineering

Solution

(C) The town of Arcata,located along the northern coast of California,collaborated with biologists from Humboldt State University to create an integrated wastewater treatment process. This process involves a series of marshes and wetlands that naturally filter and purify the wastewater,making it an innovative and sustainable solution for water management.
350
EasyMCQ
$A$ plastic sack manufacturer in Bangalore found an ideal solution to the ever-increasing problem of plastic waste. Identify this person.
A
Amrita Devi Bishnoi
B
Sunderlal Bahuguna
C
Ahmed Khan
D
Ramesh Chandra Dagar

Solution

(C) Ahmed Khan,a plastic sack manufacturer in Bangalore,developed a method to produce a fine powder of recycled modified plastic called polyblend. This polyblend,when mixed with bitumen,is used to lay roads. This process enhances the water-repellent properties of the road and increases its life by a factor of three. This innovative approach provided an ideal solution to the problem of plastic waste disposal.

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