Mix Examples-Chemical Coordination and Integration Questions in English

(D) The correct answer is $D$. All of the listed hormones play a role in carbohydrate metabolism:
$1$. $Somatotrophin$ (Growth Hormone) promotes gluconeogenesis and decreases glucose uptake by tissues.
$2$. $Adreno-corticotrophin$ $(ACTH)$ stimulates the adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids like cortisol,which increase blood glucose levels through gluconeogenesis.
$3$. $Thyroid$ $stimulating$ $hormone$ $(TSH)$ influences the metabolic rate,which indirectly affects carbohydrate metabolism by regulating the release of thyroid hormones ($T_3$ and $T_4$).

(D) The nervous system and the endocrine system work together to maintain homeostasis in the body.
They are considered interdependent because they coordinate and integrate the activities of various organs and systems.
For example,the hypothalamus acts as a bridge between the nervous system and the endocrine system by controlling the pituitary gland,which in turn regulates other endocrine glands.

(D) In humans,intercellular communication and body coordination are achieved through the integrated action of the nervous system and the endocrine system.
$1$. The nervous system provides rapid,point-to-point communication via electrical impulses (nerves).
$2$. The endocrine system provides slower,long-lasting communication via chemical messengers (hormones) transported through the blood.
$3$. Together,these systems ensure homeostasis and proper physiological regulation.

(D) In multicellular organisms,coordination and communication between cells are primarily achieved through two major systems: the nervous system and the endocrine system.
The nervous system uses electrical impulses (action potentials) and neurotransmitters to transmit signals rapidly across the body,forming a complex communication network.
The endocrine system releases chemical messengers known as hormones into the bloodstream,which travel to target organs to regulate physiological processes and maintain homeostasis.
Therefore,both systems work in tandem to ensure effective intercellular communication.

(D) The endocrine system achieves co-ordination and integration for slow and persistent responses of the body by transmitting information through chemical messengers known as $(Hormones)$.
These hormones are released into the blood,circulate throughout the entire body,and regulate persistent physiological activities such as metabolism,growth,and homeostasis.

(A) The statement 'Hormone produced in thyroid stimulates metabolism' is true because thyroid hormones ($T_3$ and $T_4$) play a crucial role in regulating the basal metabolic rate $(BMR)$ of the body.
Option $B$ is incorrect because uterine contraction is primarily stimulated by oxytocin,which is released from the posterior pituitary,not the ovary.
Option $C$ is incorrect because hormones produced in the small intestine (like secretin or cholecystokinin) regulate digestion,not heart function.
Option $D$ is incorrect because hormones from the adrenal cortex (like cortisol or aldosterone) regulate metabolism and electrolyte balance,whereas heart rate is primarily influenced by adrenaline (epinephrine) from the adrenal medulla.

(D) In higher animals,body coordination is achieved through the integration of two systems: the nervous system and the endocrine system.
$1$. The nervous system provides rapid,point-to-point coordination through electrical impulses.
$2$. The endocrine system provides slower,long-lasting coordination through the secretion of chemical messengers called hormones.
Together,these systems work in harmony to maintain homeostasis and regulate physiological processes.

(C) The correct answer is $C$ and $D$.
$1$. Adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary) produces $FSH$,which is correct.
$2$. Thyroid gland produces $T_4$ (thyroxine),which is correct.
$3$. Neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary) does not synthesize hormones; it only stores and releases $ADH$ (vasopressin) and oxytocin,which are synthesized by the hypothalamus. Thus,statement $C$ is incorrect.
$4$. The placenta does not produce a hormone called $URF$ (Uterine Relaxing Factor is not a standard placental hormone); it produces $hCG$,$hPL$,estrogens,and progestogens. Thus,statement $D$ is also incorrect.

(C) The body's functions are primarily regulated and integrated by two major systems: the nervous system and the endocrine system.
Together,these are referred to as the neuroendocrine system.
The nervous system provides rapid,point-to-point coordination via electrical impulses,while the endocrine system provides slower,long-lasting regulation via chemical messengers called hormones.
Therefore,the neuroendocrine system acts as the master control system for the body.

(C) The thyroid gland secretes thyroid hormones (like $T_3$ and $T_4$),which are iodinated amino acid derivatives. The adrenal gland secretes various hormones,including glucocorticoids (like cortisol) and mineralocorticoids (like aldosterone),which are steroid hormones,as well as catecholamines (like adrenaline),which are amino acid derivatives. However,both thyroid hormones and certain adrenal hormones (like glucocorticoids) play a significant role in increasing glucose metabolism in the body. Thyroid hormones increase the basal metabolic rate and glucose utilization,while glucocorticoids stimulate gluconeogenesis and increase blood glucose levels. Therefore,the common functional similarity is that they both increase glucose metabolism.

(B) Virilism is the development of male secondary sexual characteristics (such as facial hair,deepening of the voice,or muscle mass) in a female,typically caused by an excess of androgens (male sex hormones).
$A$. Masculinity refers to the quality of being male.
$B$. Virilism is the correct term for the development of male traits in females.
$C$. Castration refers to the removal of the gonads.
$D$. Epitaxis refers to a nosebleed.

(B) Option $B$ is false because hormones produced in the small intestine,such as secretin or cholecystokinin,regulate digestive processes like pancreatic secretion and bile release,but they do not stimulate the heart.
Option $A$ is true: Oxytocin (produced in the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary) or prostaglandins can affect uterine contraction,and ovarian hormones like estrogen and progesterone influence the uterine lining.
Option $C$ is true: Thyroid hormones ($T_3$ and $T_4$) are essential for regulating the basal metabolic rate $(BMR)$.
Option $D$ is true: Parathyroid hormone $(PTH)$ regulates blood calcium levels; a deficiency in $PTH$ leads to hypocalcemia,which causes tetany (involuntary muscle contractions).

(D) Gluconeogenesis is the process of synthesizing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources like amino acids and glycerol.
Cortisol and corticosterone are glucocorticoids secreted by the adrenal cortex,which stimulate gluconeogenesis to increase blood glucose levels.
Thyroxine,a hormone secreted by the thyroid gland,also promotes gluconeogenesis and increases the metabolic rate.
Therefore,all these hormones play a role in controlling gluconeogenesis.

(A) The correct matches are as follows:
$(i)$ Acromegaly is caused by the hypersecretion of Growth Hormone $(GH)$,so $(i)$ matches with $C$.
(ii) Deficiency of Vasopressin (Antidiuretic Hormone) leads to Diabetes insipidus,so (ii) matches with $E$.
(iii) Ovulation is triggered by a surge of Luteinising hormone $(LH)$,so (iii) matches with $A$.
(iv) Oxytocin is responsible for uterine contractions during child birth,so (iv) matches with $B$.
$(v)$ Spermatogenesis is regulated by Follicle Stimulating Hormone $(FSH)$,so $(v)$ matches with $D$.
Therefore,the correct sequence is $(i)-C, (ii)-E, (iii)-A, (iv)-B, (v)-D$,which corresponds to $C, E, A, B, D$.

(D) The correct answer is $(D)$.
Thermoregulation in $Rabbit$ is a complex process involving multiple systems.
$1$. The nervous system plays a critical role in detecting temperature changes via sensory receptors and initiating responses such as the erection of hair (piloerection) via the sympathetic nervous system.
$2$. The endocrine system contributes by regulating metabolic rates,such as the oxidation of fat to produce heat,often mediated by hormones like thyroxine.
$3$. Because it involves sensory input,neural integration,and endocrine-mediated metabolic adjustments,it is classified as a compound sensory-neuroendocrine/integrative mechanism.

(A) The heartbeat is regulated by the autonomic nervous system,which includes both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
The parasympathetic nervous system,which slows down the heart rate,primarily acts through the Vagus nerve.
The Vagus nerve is the $X^{th}$ cranial nerve.
Therefore,the $X^{th}$ cranial nerve is responsible for the regulation (specifically the inhibition/slowing) of the heartbeat.

(A) $5$-Hydroxytryptamine ($5$-$HT$) is a monoamine neurotransmitter chemically known as Serotonin.
It is primarily found in the gastrointestinal tract,blood platelets,and the central nervous system.
It plays a significant role in regulating mood,appetite,and sleep.

(D) When a person is exposed to a cold environment,the body initiates several thermoregulatory mechanisms to maintain homeostasis.
$1$. Shivering is a rapid contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscles to generate heat.
$2$. Vasoconstriction reduces blood flow to the skin to minimize heat loss.
$3$. The hypothalamus triggers the release of thyroid hormones (thyroxine) and adrenal medulla hormones (epinephrine/norepinephrine) to increase the metabolic rate and heat production.
$4$. Heart rate and stroke volume generally increase to support metabolic demands,but they are not primary thermoregulatory responses that a person 'cannot' exhibit; rather,they are physiological adjustments. However,in the context of standard physiological questions regarding thermoregulation,all these are typical responses. If the question implies a physiological impossibility,it is often noted that the body cannot 'stop' these responses voluntarily. Given the options,all are standard responses to cold stress.

(D) The control and coordination of the body are primarily managed by two systems: the $Neural$ $system$ and the $Endocrine$ $system$.
$1$. The $Neural$ $system$ provides an organized network of point-to-point connections for a quick coordination.
$2$. The $Endocrine$ $system$ provides chemical integration through hormones.
Therefore, both systems work together to maintain homeostasis and control body functions.

(B) The correct answer is $B$ and $D$ (as they are essentially the same incorrect statement).
In the human body,there is a complex interaction between the nervous system and the endocrine system.
The hypothalamus acts as a bridge between the two systems.
Neurons in the hypothalamus secrete releasing and inhibiting hormones that control the secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary gland.
Conversely,hormones can influence neural activity,such as how thyroid hormones affect brain development and function.
Therefore,the statement that the nervous system does not control endocrine glands is false,as the hypothalamus and autonomic nervous system regulate endocrine function.

(C) The correct matching is as follows:
$(a)$ Adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary) secretes growth hormone, also known as Somatotropin $(2)$.
$(b)$ Adrenal medulla secretes catecholamines, such as Epinephrine $(1)$.
$(c)$ Parathyroid gland secretes Parathormone $(4)$, which regulates blood calcium levels.
$(d)$ Thymus gland secretes Thymosin $(3)$, which plays a major role in the differentiation of $T$-lymphocytes.
Therefore, the correct sequence is $a-2, b-1, c-4, d-3$.

(D) Let's analyze each pair:
$1$. $(a)$ Pineal gland: It secretes melatonin,which regulates the circadian rhythm. Metabolism and mental retardation are associated with thyroid hormones,not the pineal gland. Thus,$(a)$ is incorrect.
$2$. $(b)$ Thymus: The thymus gland is involved in the maturation of $T$-lymphocytes. Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder often associated with thymic abnormalities. Thus,$(b)$ is correct.
$3$. $(c)$ Thyroid: Thyroid hormones (T3,T4) regulate basal metabolic rate,protein synthesis,and development. Anti-inflammatory reactions are primarily regulated by glucocorticoids (cortisol) from the adrenal cortex. Thus,$(c)$ is incorrect.
$4$. $(d)$ Pancreas: The pancreas secretes insulin and glucagon. $A$ deficiency or dysfunction in insulin leads to diabetes mellitus,which is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia. Thus,$(d)$ is correct.
Therefore,the incorrectly matched pairs are $(a)$ and $(c)$.

(D) Carbohydrate metabolism is regulated by several hormones in the human body.
$1$. $Insulin$ is a peptide hormone that lowers blood glucose levels by facilitating cellular uptake of glucose.
$2$. $Thyroxine$ (thyroid hormone) increases the rate of glucose absorption from the intestine and enhances glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.
$3$. $Glucocorticoids$ (e.g., cortisol) stimulate gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, and proteolysis, thereby increasing blood glucose levels.
Since all these hormones play a significant role in regulating carbohydrate metabolism, the correct answer is $All of the above$.

(B) The correct combinations are:
$(1)$ Thymus gland secretes Thymosin,which plays a major role in the differentiation of $T$-lymphocytes.
$(2)$ Parathyroid hormone $(PTH)$ increases $Ca^{+2}$ levels in the blood by stimulating bone resorption and increasing $Ca^{+2}$ absorption from the digested food in the intestine and reabsorption from the renal tubules.
$(3)$ The adrenal cortex secretes glucocorticoids (e.g.,cortisol),which are involved in carbohydrate metabolism and stress responses.
$(4)$ Thyroid gland secretes Thyroxine $(T_4)$ and Triiodothyronine $(T_3)$,which regulate basal metabolic rate. Anti-inflammatory response is a function of glucocorticoids,not the thyroid gland.
Therefore,statements $(1), (2),$ and $(3)$ are correct.

(D) $1$. Insulin deficiency leads to Diabetes mellitus,not Diabetes insipidus. Diabetes insipidus is caused by a deficiency of $ADH$ (Vasopressin).
$2$. Thyroxine deficiency leads to Goiter or Cretinism,not Tetanus. Tetanus is a bacterial infection.
$3$. Parathyroid hormone deficiency leads to tetany (hypocalcemia),not Diabetes mellitus.
$4$. Luteinizing hormone $(LH)$ is essential for the process of ovulation in females. Its deficiency or dysfunction leads to the failure of ovulation.

(B) Statement $(a)$ is true: Calcitonin is a hormone secreted by the thyroid gland that lowers blood calcium levels,thus regulating calcium metabolism.
Statement $(b)$ is true: Oxytocin acts on the smooth muscles of the uterus and stimulates their contraction during childbirth.
Statement $(c)$ is false: Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder caused by the overactivity (hyperthyroidism) of the thyroid gland,not the adrenal gland.
Statement $(d)$ is false: $ADH$ (Antidiuretic Hormone) stimulates water reabsorption from the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts of the kidney,which decreases urine production (making urine more concentrated).
Therefore,statements $(a)$ and $(b)$ are true,while $(c)$ and $(d)$ are false.

(B) $1$. $ANF$ (Atrial Natriuretic Factor) is secreted by the atrial wall of the heart.
$2$. Calcitonin is secreted by the thyroid gland,not the parathyroid gland.
$3$. Renin is an enzyme secreted by the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney.
$4$. Relaxin is secreted by the placenta and the ovary during pregnancy.
$5$. $hCG$ (human Chorionic Gonadotropin) is secreted by the placenta,not the ovary.
$6$. Estrogen is primarily secreted by the ovary,not the testis.
$7$. Progesterone is secreted by the corpus luteum (formed from the Graafian follicle) after ovulation.
$8$. Therefore,the pair 'Renin - Kidney,Relaxin - Placenta' is correct.

(C) Insulin and growth hormone $(GH)$ both promote protein synthesis and cell growth. However,they differ significantly in their effects on lipid metabolism. Insulin is an anabolic hormone that promotes lipogenesis (the synthesis of fatty acids and triglycerides) and inhibits lipolysis. In contrast,growth hormone is known to stimulate lipolysis (the breakdown of fats) to provide energy for growth processes. Therefore,insulin differs from growth hormone in the context of increasing fat metabolism by inducing lipogenesis.

(C) The regulation of blood sugar involves a negative feedback loop.
$1$. When blood sugar levels decrease $(iv)$,the alpha cells of the pancreas are stimulated to secrete more glucagon.
$2$. This leads to an increase in circulating glucagon $(ii)$.
$3$. Glucagon acts on the liver to stimulate glycogenolysis,which is the release of glucose from glycogen $(iii)$.
$4$. This process results in an increase in blood sugar levels $(i)$ back to the normal range.
Therefore,the correct sequence is $(iv) \rightarrow (ii) \rightarrow (iii) \rightarrow (i)$.

(B) The correct answer is $B$.
$1$. Myxedema is caused by hypothyroidism in adults,leading to swelling of facial tissues.
$2$. Insulin is a hormone that decreases blood glucose levels by facilitating cellular uptake; it does not increase them.
$3$. Parathyroid hormone deficiency leads to low blood calcium,causing tetany (muscle spasms).
$4$. Dwarfism (specifically pituitary dwarfism) is caused by a deficiency of Growth Hormone $(GH)$,which can result in stunted physical and sometimes mental development.

(A) Hormonal disorders are caused by the hypersecretion or hyposecretion of hormones.
$A$. Rickets is primarily caused by a deficiency of Vitamin $D$,calcium,or phosphate,and Mongolism (Down syndrome) is a chromosomal disorder caused by trisomy of chromosome $21$. Neither is a hormonal disorder.
$B$. Diabetes mellitus is caused by insulin deficiency,and Cretinism is caused by thyroid hormone deficiency.
$C$. Gigantism is caused by excess growth hormone,and Exophthalmia is associated with hyperthyroidism.
$D$. Both are hormonal disorders.
Therefore,the correct option is $A$.

(C) $ADH$ (Antidiuretic Hormone) deficiency leads to Diabetes insipidus $(iv)$.
$(b)$ $ACTH$ (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone) is secreted by the anterior Pituitary $(i)$.
$(c)$ Aldosterone is a type of Mineralocorticoid $(ii)$ secreted by the adrenal cortex.
$(d)$ Insulin deficiency leads to Diabetes mellitus $(iii)$.
$(e)$ Testosterone is a male sex hormone; however, in the context of the provided options, the remaining match is $(v)$ Vasodilator (as some androgens have vasodilatory effects).
Therefore, the correct sequence is $a-iv, b-i, c-ii, d-iii, e-v$.

(D) The correct matching is as follows:
$(a)$ Somatostatin is secreted by the Islets of Langerhans (specifically delta cells) in the pancreas. So, $a-5$.
$(b)$ Melatonin is secreted by the Pineal gland. So, $b-1$.
$(c)$ Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid secreted by the Adrenal cortex. So, $c-4$.
$(d)$ Progesterone is secreted by the Corpus luteum. So, $d-2$.
$(e)$ $HCG$ (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin) is secreted by the Placenta. So, $e-3$.
Therefore, the correct sequence is $a-5, b-1, c-4, d-2, e-3$.

(D) The body's integrated system consists of both the nervous system and the endocrine system. The nervous system provides point-to-point rapid coordination among organs,while the endocrine system provides chemical integration through hormones,which act slowly but have long-lasting effects. Together,they ensure the physiological functions of the body are coordinated and regulated.

(D) The embryonic origin of various endocrine glands and structures is as follows:
$1$. The pituitary gland (hypophysis) is derived from the ectoderm (specifically,the adenohypophysis from Rathke's pouch and the neurohypophysis from the floor of the diencephalon).
$2$. The pineal gland is also derived from the ectoderm (specifically,the neuroectoderm of the diencephalon).
$3$. The lens of the eye is formed from the surface ectoderm.
Therefore,all the given structures are ectodermal in origin.

(A) $1$. Adrenaline (epinephrine) is secreted by the adrenal medulla and increases blood glucose levels through glycogenolysis.
$2$. Cortisol is secreted by the adrenal cortex and increases blood glucose levels through gluconeogenesis.
$3$. Thus,both hormones function to increase blood glucose levels.
$4$. Therefore,the correct option is $A$.

(A) Adrenaline (also known as epinephrine) and Noradrenaline (also known as norepinephrine) are hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla in response to stress or emergency situations (often called the 'fight-or-flight' response).
These hormones act on the cardiovascular system to increase heart rate,cardiac output,and blood pressure to prepare the body for immediate physical action.
Since both adrenaline and noradrenaline have similar physiological effects on heart rate and blood pressure,the correct answer is that both $(B)$ and $(D)$ cause these effects.

(D) The hormones secreted by the $Pancreas$ (e.g., $Insulin$, $Glucagon$), $Pituitary$ $gland$ (e.g., $GH$, $TSH$, $ACTH$, $FSH$, $LH$), and $Parathyroid$ $gland$ $(PTH)$ are all peptide or proteinaceous in nature.
Therefore, all the given glands secrete hormones that are primarily peptide in nature.

(B) The correct answer is $(b)$.
Antagonistic hormones are those that have opposite effects on a physiological process.
$(a)$ Aldosterone increases blood pressure by retaining sodium,while Atrial Natriuretic Factor $(ANF)$ decreases blood pressure by promoting sodium excretion. They are antagonistic.
$(c)$ Parathormone increases blood calcium levels,while Calcitonin decreases blood calcium levels. They are antagonistic.
$(d)$ Insulin decreases blood glucose levels,while Glucagon increases blood glucose levels. They are antagonistic.
$(b)$ Relaxin is involved in relaxing pelvic ligaments and softening the cervix during childbirth,whereas Inhibin inhibits the secretion of $FSH$ from the anterior pituitary. Since they perform distinct,non-opposing functions,they are not antagonistic.

(A) : Hormones are non-nutrient chemicals which act as intercellular messengers and are produced in trace amounts.
$B$: Releasing and inhibitory hormones are produced by the hypothalamus,not the pituitary gland.
$C$: The adenohypophysis is under the control of hypothalamic hormones via the hypophyseal portal system,whereas the neurohypophysis is under direct neural regulation.
$D$: Several organs like the gastrointestinal tract,heart,kidney,and liver produce hormones (e.g.,$ANF$ from the heart,erythropoietin from the kidney).

$(A)$ The correct identification for the blanks is as follows:
$1$. $A$ represents the Ovary,which secretes Estrogen,responsible for the maintenance of secondary sexual characters in females.
$2$. $B$ represents Glucagon,which is secreted by the Alpha cells of the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas and acts to raise blood sugar levels (hyperglycemic hormone).
$3$. $C$ represents Growth Hormone $(GH)$,secreted by the anterior pituitary gland; its over-secretion leads to gigantism.
Therefore,the correct sequence is Ovary $\Rightarrow$ Glucagon $\Rightarrow$ Growth hormone.

(A) The correct answer is $A$.
Glucagon is secreted by the $\alpha$ $(A)$ cells of the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas, not by the $\beta$ $(B)$ cells.
$\beta$ cells are responsible for the secretion of insulin.
Therefore, the pair 'Glucagon - Beta cells' is incorrectly matched.
Somatostatin is secreted by $\delta$ $(D)$ cells, the corpus luteum secretes relaxin during pregnancy, and insulin deficiency leads to diabetes mellitus.

(C) : The endocrine system and the nervous system work together to maintain homeostasis. The nervous system regulates the endocrine system through the hypothalamus,which acts as a bridge between the two systems. For example,the hypothalamus secretes releasing hormones that stimulate the pituitary gland to release tropic hormones,which in turn regulate other endocrine glands. Conversely,hormones produced by endocrine glands can influence neural activity,affecting behavior,mood,and physiological processes. Thus,both systems regulate each other.

(D) $FSH$ (Follicle Stimulating Hormone),$ACTH$ (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone),and $TSH$ (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone) are all hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.
Melatonin is a hormone secreted by the pineal gland.
Therefore,Melatonin is the odd one out.

(A) Option $A$ is incorrect. The adrenal cortex,specifically the zona reticularis,secretes small amounts of androgenic steroids,not the adrenal medulla. The adrenal medulla secretes catecholamines like adrenaline and noradrenaline.
Option $B$ is correct. Androgens play a major role in the development,maturation,and functions of the male accessory sex organs and influence male sexual behavior (libido).
Option $C$ is correct. Estrogens are synthesized and secreted mainly by the growing ovarian follicles.
Option $D$ is correct. Catecholamines (adrenaline and noradrenaline) are stress hormones that stimulate the breakdown of glycogen,lipids,and proteins to increase blood glucose levels.

(B) The neural system and the endocrine system work in coordination to maintain homeostasis in the body. The neural system provides point-to-point rapid coordination among organs. The endocrine system provides chemical integration through hormones. These two systems are interconnected; for example,the hypothalamus acts as a link between the nervous system and the endocrine system by regulating the pituitary gland. Thus,the endocrine system can influence neural activity (e.g.,hormones affecting mood or behavior),and the neural system regulates the endocrine system (e.g.,neurosecretory cells). Therefore,option $B$ is correct.

(A) $1$. $A$ represents the Ovary,which secretes Estrogen,responsible for the development and maintenance of female secondary sexual characteristics.
$2$. $B$ represents Glucagon,secreted by the alpha cells of the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. It is a hyperglycemic hormone that increases blood glucose levels by stimulating glycogenolysis.
$3$. $C$ represents the Growth Hormone $(GH)$ or Somatotropin,secreted by the anterior pituitary. Hypersecretion of $GH$ during childhood leads to gigantism.
Therefore,the correct option is $A$.

(B) The correct match is $B$.
$1$. Anterior Pituitary secretes hormones like $GH$,$PRL$,$TSH$,$ACTH$,$LH$,and $FSH$. Oxytocin is secreted by the Posterior Pituitary.
$2$. Posterior Pituitary stores and releases Vasopressin $(ADH)$ and Oxytocin. Vasopressin acts mainly at the kidney and stimulates reabsorption of water and electrolytes by the distal tubules and thereby reduces loss of water through urine (diuresis).
$3$. Corpus Luteum secretes Progesterone,not Estrogen.
$4$. Thyroid gland secretes Thyroxine,which regulates basal metabolic rate. $Ca^{2+}$ levels are regulated by Parathyroid hormone $(PTH)$ and Thyrocalcitonin $(TCT)$.