The initial and final temperatures of water as recorded by an observer are $(38.6 \pm 0.2)^{\circ}C$ and $(82.3 \pm 0.3)^{\circ}C$. The rise in temperature with proper error limits is

The resistance $R = \frac{V}{I}$ where $V = (200 \pm 5) \ V$ and $I = (20 \pm 0.2) \ A$. The percentage error in the measurement of $R$ is: (in $\%$)

Explain the effect of multiplication or division of errors on the final result.

The percentage error in the measurement of $g$ is $.....\%$ (Given that $g = \frac{4 \pi^2 L}{T^2}$,$L = (10 \pm 0.1) \, cm$,$T = (100 \pm 1) \, s$)

$A$ physical quantity $A$ can be determined by measuring parameters $B, C, D$ and $E$ using the relation $A = \frac{B^\alpha C^\beta}{D^\gamma E^\delta}$. If the maximum percentage errors in the measurement of $B, C, D$ and $E$ are $b\%, c\%, d\%$ and $e\%$ respectively,then the maximum percentage error in the value of $A$ is:

Which of the following comes under the category of random errors?