Taking examples under each category, discuss upstream and downstream processing.

Upstream processing : Biotechnological processes can be separated into upstream processes and downstream processes. The upstream process is defined as the entire process from $DNA$ isolation and culture expansion of the cells until final product is obtained.

Downstream processing : After completion of the biosynthetic stage, the product has to be subjected through a series of processes before it Is ready for marketing as a final product. The processes include separation and purification, which are collectively referred to as downstream processing. The product must be formulated with suitable preservatives. Such formulation has to undergo through clinical trials as in case of drugs. Strict quality control testing for each product is also required. The downstream processing and quality control testing vary from product to product.