Drugs and Medicines Questions in English

(A) Sulphaguanidine is a sulfonamide antibiotic. It is primarily used in the treatment of intestinal infections,specifically $dysentery$,because it is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract,allowing it to act locally in the intestine.

(D) The use of chemicals for therapeutic effect in the treatment of diseases is known as $Chemotherapy$.

(B) The correct answer is $(B)$.
Benzoic acid,specifically in the form of its salt $Sodium \ benzoate$,is widely used as a food preservative for coloured fruit juices,squashes,and jams because it is effective against yeasts,moulds,and bacteria.

(A) Amoxicillin is a semi-synthetic modification of $Penicillin$.

(C) Paraldehyde is a hypnotic drug used to induce sleep.

(B) is the correct answer.
Chloromycetin (also known as Chloramphenicol) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic used to treat various bacterial infections.

(B) is the correct option.
An $Analgesic$ is a type of drug that is used to relieve pain without causing loss of consciousness.

(D) $2-$Acetoxybenzoic acid is the $IUPAC$ name of Aspirin.
Aspirin acts as an antipyretic,which is used to reduce body temperature.

(B) The preparation of synthetic detergents,such as sodium lauryl sulphate,involves the reaction of long-chain alcohols like $Lauryl \ alcohol$ $(C_{12}H_{25}OH)$ with concentrated $H_2SO_4$ to form an alkyl hydrogen sulphate.
This intermediate is then neutralized with an alkali (like $NaOH$) to produce the detergent.
Therefore,the correct starting material is $Lauryl \ alcohol$.

(D) Sodium alkyl benzene sulphonate is a synthetic surfactant commonly used as a cleaning agent in $Detergents$. It is an anionic surfactant that effectively removes dirt and grease even in hard water.

(B) The given structure contains a benzyl group $(C_6H_5-CH_2-)$ attached to the amide nitrogen of the $6-$aminopenicillanic acid core. This specific structure is identified as Penicillin $G$ (also known as benzylpenicillin).

(C) Aspirin is chemically known as $2$-acetoxybenzoic acid,commonly referred to as Acetyl salicylic acid.
It is prepared by the acetylation of salicylic acid using acetic anhydride.
Therefore,the correct option is $(C)$.

(B) $N$-acetyl-para-aminophenol (also known as Paracetamol) is a non-narcotic analgesic that does not cause addiction. While Diazepam is a tranquilizer,$N$-acetyl-para-aminophenol is the standard non-addictive analgesic.

(B) Chemotherapy is the treatment of disease by the use of chemical substances that have a specific toxic effect upon the disease-producing microorganisms or cancerous cells. It involves the use of drugs to arrest the growth of cancerous cells without causing significant harm to the host organism.

(C) Chloramphenicol is a broad-spectrum antibiotic.
It is effective against a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
It is used in the treatment of typhoid,dysentery,and acute fever.

(B) The correct answer is $(B)$.
Anaesthetics produce temporary insensitivity to the vital functions of all types of cells,especially those of the nervous system,and are used during surgical operations.
These are classified as:
$(a)$ General anaesthetics: Produce unconsciousness throughout the body,e.g.,$N_2O$,cyclopropane,chloroform.
$(b)$ Local anaesthetics: Affect only a specific part of the body,e.g.,Xylocaine,Procaine,etc.

(C) is the false statement. Ampicillin is a synthetic modification of penicillin,not a natural antibiotic.

(C) . Tranquilisers are a class of chemical compounds used for the treatment of stress,mild or even severe mental diseases. They relieve anxiety,stress,irritability,or excitement by inducing a sense of well-being.

(A) $Parathion$ is an organophosphorus compound used as an insecticide and acaricide.
It is chemically known as $O,O-diethyl$ $O-(4-nitrophenyl)$ phosphorothioate.
Therefore,it belongs to the class of organic phosphorus compounds.

(B) Potassium permanganate $(KMnO_4)$ is a strong oxidizing agent.
It is used as an antiseptic in dilute solutions for cleaning wounds and treating skin infections.

(D) Artificial sweeteners are synthetic compounds used to provide sweetness without adding calories.
According to the $NCERT$ textbook:
$1$. Aspartame is $100$ times sweeter than cane sugar.
$2$. Saccharin is $550$ times sweeter than cane sugar.
$3$. Sucralose is $600$ times sweeter than cane sugar.
$4$. Alitame is $2000$ times sweeter than cane sugar.
Therefore,the statement that Saccharin is $550$ times sweeter than sugar is correct.

(C) The structure shown is $2-(\text{acetoxy})\text{benzoic acid}$,which is commonly known as $Aspirin$.
$Aspirin$ is a well-known drug used as an $Analgesic$ (pain reliever) and also has antipyretic properties.
Therefore,the correct option is $C$.

(B) Aspirin $(C_9H_8O_4)$ is a well-known drug that acts as both an analgesic (pain reliever) and an antipyretic (fever reducer).
It works by inhibiting the synthesis of prostaglandins,which are chemicals that signal pain and inflammation in the body.

(B) Analgesics are classified into two categories: narcotic and non-narcotic.
$1$. Narcotic analgesics are addictive and include drugs like morphine.
$2$. Non-narcotic analgesics are non-addictive and include drugs like aspirin and $N$-acetyl-para-aminophenol (paracetamol).
Therefore,$N$-acetyl-para-aminophenol is a non-narcotic analgesic.

(C) General anesthetics are drugs that produce a reversible loss of consciousness. $Nitrous \ oxide$ $(N_2O)$ is a well-known general anesthetic.
$Procaine$,$Cocaine$,and $Xylocaine$ are local anesthetics,which are used to numb specific parts of the body without causing a loss of consciousness.
However,among the given options,$Nitrous \ oxide$ is the only general anesthetic,while the others are local anesthetics.
Wait,the question asks which is $NOT$ a general anesthetic. Actually,$Procaine$,$Cocaine$,and $Xylocaine$ are all local anesthetics.
Given the standard classification,$Nitrous \ oxide$ is a general anesthetic. Since the question asks for the one that is not a general anesthetic,and three options are local,this question is ambiguous.
However,in many textbook contexts,$Nitrous \ oxide$ is the primary example of a general anesthetic,while the others are local. If the question implies which one is a general anesthetic,the answer is $C$. If it asks which is not,$A, B, D$ are correct.
Assuming the question intended to ask which $IS$ a general anesthetic,the answer is $C$.

(C) Artificial sweeteners are synthetic substances used to provide sweetness to food without adding significant calories.
$Aspartame$,$Sucralose$,and $Alitame$ are well-known artificial sweeteners.
$Sucrose$ is a natural sugar (disaccharide) obtained from plants like sugarcane or sugar beet,hence it is not an artificial sweetener.

(B) Artificial sweeteners have different sweetening powers relative to sucrose:
$1$. Aspartame is $100$ times sweeter than sucrose.
$2$. Alitame is $2000$ times sweeter than sucrose.
$3$. Sucralose is $600$ times sweeter than sucrose.
$4$. Saccharin is $550$ times sweeter than sucrose.
Therefore,the statement that Alitame is $2000$ times sweeter is correct.

(D) Morphine is a potent analgesic and is often used as a pre-anesthetic medication or in combination with other drugs to induce anesthesia,especially when administered by injection. While diethyl ether and divinyl ether were historically used as inhalation anesthetics,they are not administered by injection.

(C) Antibiotics are classified based on their range of activity.
Broad-spectrum antibiotics are effective against a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
Examples include $Chloromycetin$ (Chloramphenicol) and $Tetracycline$.
$Penicillin$ $G$ is a narrow-spectrum antibiotic because it is primarily effective against Gram-positive bacteria.
Therefore,$Penicillin$ is not a broad-spectrum antibiotic.

(A) Biodegradable detergents are those that can be degraded by microorganisms. $Linear$ or $Normal$ alkyl chains are easily broken down by bacteria. In contrast,detergents with $Branched$ alkyl chains are non-biodegradable because the branching prevents the bacteria from attacking the chain effectively. Therefore,biodegradable detergents contain a $Normal$ alkyl chain.

(A) An antibiotic is a chemical substance produced by microorganisms that can inhibit the growth of or even destroy other microorganisms.
$Ciprofloxacin$ is a well-known synthetic antibiotic belonging to the fluoroquinolone class.
$Paracetamol$ and $Ibuprofen$ are analgesics and antipyretics.
$Tocopherol$ is Vitamin $E$.

(D) Analgesics are pain-relieving drugs. $Ibuprofen$,$Naproxen$,and $Aspirin$ are well-known non-narcotic analgesics used to reduce pain and inflammation. $Valium$ (also known as $Diazepam$) is a tranquilizer,which belongs to the class of drugs used for the treatment of stress and mild or severe mental diseases. Therefore,$Valium$ is not an analgesic.

(B) Chloramphenicol is a well-known broad spectrum antibiotic.
It is effective against a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria,including those causing typhoid,dysentery,acute fever,and certain urinary infections.

(D) Cationic detergents are quaternary ammonium salts of amines with acetates,chlorides,or bromides as anions.
They possess long hydrocarbon chains and a positive charge on the nitrogen atom.
$Cetyl \ trimethyl \ ammonium \ chloride$ is a common example of a cationic detergent used in hair conditioners.

(D) The statement '$Norethindrone$ is a pheromone' is incorrect.
$Norethindrone$ is actually a synthetic progesterone derivative used as an antifertility drug (contraceptive).
$Pheromones$ are chemical substances secreted by animals to influence the behavior of others of the same species.
Therefore,option $D$ is the correct answer.

(D) Tranquilizers are a class of chemical compounds used for the treatment of stress,and mild or even severe mental diseases. They relieve anxiety,stress,irritability or excitement by inducing a sense of well-being. $Equanil$ is a well-known tranquilizer used in controlling depression and hypertension. Naproxen is an analgesic,Tetracycline is an antibiotic,and Chlorpheniramine is an antihistamine.

(D) $Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide$ is a cationic detergent used in hair conditioners.

(D) The symptoms described (sneezing,watery eyes,runny nose,and itching) are classic signs of an allergic reaction.
These symptoms are caused by the release of histamine in the body.
To treat these symptoms,an antihistamine is required.
Among the given options,$Chlorpheniramine$ is a well-known antihistamine drug used to treat allergic symptoms.
Therefore,the doctor will recommend $Chlorpheniramine$.

(A) Drugs that bind to the receptor site and inhibit its natural function are known as $Antagonists$.
These drugs are useful when blocking the message is required.
In contrast,$Agonists$ are drugs that mimic the natural messenger by switching on the receptor.

(A) Antacids are substances that neutralize excess stomach acid $(HCl)$.
Commonly used antacids include mild bases like sodium hydrogen carbonate $(NaHCO_3)$ and magnesium hydroxide $(Mg(OH)_2)$.
These compounds react with the excess acid in the stomach to provide relief from acidity.

(A) Antacids are substances that neutralize excess stomach acid. Common examples include mixtures of metal hydroxides and bicarbonates. $NaHCO_3$ (sodium bicarbonate) and $Mg(OH)_2$ (magnesium hydroxide) are frequently used together in antacid formulations to provide rapid and sustained relief from acidity.

(A) An antibiotic is a chemical substance produced by microorganisms that can inhibit the growth of or destroy other microorganisms. $Ampicillin$ is a semi-synthetic modification of penicillin and is a well-known antibiotic. $Aspirin$ is an analgesic and antipyretic,while $Chloroquine$ is an antimalarial drug. Therefore,the correct option is $A$.

(B) Analgesics are classified into two categories: $1$. Narcotic analgesics (e.g.,Morphine) which are addictive. $2$. Non-narcotic analgesics (e.g.,Aspirin,Paracetamol) which are non-addictive. Aspirin is a well-known non-narcotic analgesic that relieves pain and reduces fever.

(C) The compound shown in the image is $2-acetoxybenzoic$ $acid$,commonly known as $Aspirin$.
$Aspirin$ is widely used as an analgesic to relieve pain and as an antipyretic to reduce fever.
Therefore,the correct use of this compound is as an analgesic.

(B) Bithionol (also known as bithionol) is added to soaps to impart antiseptic properties. It is used to reduce the odours produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter on the skin. Therefore,it is classified as an antiseptic.

(C) Paul Ehrlich discovered the first effective treatment for syphilis,which was an arsenic-based drug called Salvarsan.
Therefore,arsenic-containing compounds are used in the treatment of syphilis.

(D) Antiseptics are chemical substances that prevent or arrest the growth of microorganisms on living tissues.
$Dettol$ is a well-known antiseptic,which is a mixture of $chloroxylenol$ and $terpineol$.
$Quinine$ is an antimalarial drug,$Paracetamol$ is an antipyretic/analgesic,and $Luminal$ is a tranquilizer.

(C) Hypnotics are chemical substances that induce sleep. $Paraldehyde$ is a well-known hypnotic drug used in medicine to treat insomnia and seizures. Therefore,the correct option is $C$.

(C) Chloramphenicol is a well-known broad-spectrum antibiotic.
It is effective against a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
It is specifically used for the treatment of typhoid,acute fever,dysentery,and certain urinary infections.