Vitamins Questions in English

(A) Vitamin $E$ (tocopherol) is known as the anti-sterility vitamin. Its deficiency in the body leads to a decrease in reproductive capacity and can cause muscular dystrophy.

(B) Vitamin $E$ is chemically known as $\alpha -$ Tocopherol.
It is a fat-soluble vitamin that acts as an antioxidant in the body.
Calciferol is Vitamin $D$,Phylloquinone is Vitamin $K$,and Riboflavin is Vitamin $B_2$.

(B) The deficiency of iodine in the diet leads to the enlargement of the thyroid gland,a condition known as $Goitre$.

(D) The statement $D$ is incorrect.
Vitamin $B_{12}$ (cyanocobalamine) contains cobalt $(Co^{3+})$ as the central metal ion.
Chlorophyll contains magnesium $(Mg^{2+})$,not vitamin $B_{12}$.
All other statements are correct.

(D) Vitamin $D$ is a fat-soluble vitamin.
Fat-soluble vitamins $(A, D, E, K)$ are stored in the liver and adipose tissues of the body.
Therefore,the Assertion is incorrect because Vitamin $D$ can be stored in the body.
The Reason is also incorrect because fat-soluble vitamins are not excreted in urine; only water-soluble vitamins ($B$ complex and $C$) are excreted in urine.

(A) $(i)$ Riboflavin $\longrightarrow$ $(c)$ Cheilosis
$(ii)$ Thiamine $\longrightarrow$ $(a)$ Beriberi
$(iii)$ Pyridoxine $\longrightarrow$ $(d)$ Convulsions
$(iv)$ Ascorbic acid $\longrightarrow$ $(b)$ Scurvy

(N/A) Vitamin $C$ is a water-soluble vitamin. Because it dissolves in water,any excess amount that is not immediately used by the body is readily excreted through the urine. Therefore,it cannot be stored in the body and must be supplied regularly through the diet.

(N/A) Vitamins are classified into two groups based on their solubility in water or fat:
$i$. Fat-soluble vitamins: These vitamins are soluble in fat and oils but insoluble in water. Examples include Vitamins $A, D, E,$ and $K$.
$ii$. Water-soluble vitamins: These vitamins are soluble in water. Examples include $B$ group vitamins ($B_1, B_2, B_6, B_{12}$,etc.) and Vitamin $C$.
Vitamin $K$ is the vitamin responsible for the coagulation of blood.

(N/A) Vitamin $A$ is essential for maintaining healthy vision and skin. Its deficiency leads to xerophthalmia (hardening of the cornea of the eye) and night blindness.
Vitamin $C$ is essential for the synthesis of collagen and maintaining healthy connective tissues. Its deficiency leads to scurvy (bleeding gums).
The important sources of vitamin $A$ are fish liver oil,carrots,butter,and milk.
The important sources of vitamin $C$ are citrus fruits,amla,and green leafy vegetables.

(N/A) Vitamins are organic compounds required in the diet in small amounts to perform specific biological functions for the normal maintenance of optimum growth and health of an organism.
Most vitamins cannot be synthesized in our body,but plants can synthesize almost all of them,making them essential food factors.
However,bacteria in the gut produce some of the vitamins required by us.
Vitamins are difficult to define based on structure.
Vitamins are designated by alphabets such as $A$,$B$,$C$,$D$,etc.
Some are further named as subgroups,e.g.,$B_{1}$,$B_{2}$,$B_{6}$,$B_{12}$,etc.
Excess of vitamins is harmful,and vitamin pills should not be consumed without medical advice.
The term "Vitamine" was coined from "vital + amine" because early identified compounds contained amino groups.
Later research showed that most do not contain amino groups,so the letter '$e$' was dropped,and the term "vitamin" is used today.

(N/A) Vitamins are classified into two groups based on their solubility in water or fat.
$(i)$ Fat-soluble vitamins: Vitamins that are soluble in fats and oils but insoluble in water are placed in this group. These include vitamins $A, D, E,$ and $K$. They are stored in the liver and adipose (fat-storing) tissues.
$(ii)$ Water-soluble vitamins: $B$-group vitamins and vitamin $C$ are soluble in water,so they are grouped together. Water-soluble vitamins must be supplied regularly in the diet because they are readily excreted in urine and cannot be stored in our body (except for vitamin $B_{12}$).

(N/A) Vitamin $C$ is a water-soluble vitamin.
It is excreted readily in the urine.
Therefore,it cannot be stored in the body and must be supplied regularly in the diet.

(A) The correct matches are as follows:
$A$ (Vitamin $-A$) $\rightarrow$ $3$ (Xerophthalmia),$6$ (Night blindness)
$B$ (Vitamin $-B_1$) $\rightarrow$ $7$ (Beri Beri)
$C$ (Vitamin $-B_{12}$) $\rightarrow$ $1$ (Pernicious anaemia)
$D$ (Vitamin $-C$) $\rightarrow$ $8$ (Bleeding gums)
$E$ (Vitamin $-D$) $\rightarrow$ $4$ (Rickets),$9$ (Osteomalacia)
$F$ (Vitamin $-E$) $\rightarrow$ $5$ (Muscular weakness)
$G$ (Vitamin $-K$) $\rightarrow$ $2$ (Increased blood clotting time)

(C) Osteomalacia is a disease caused by the deficiency of Vitamin $D$.
In this condition,the bone density decreases,and the bones become soft and weak.

(B) Vitamins are classified into two groups: water-soluble and fat-soluble.
Water-soluble vitamins (like Vitamin $B$ complex and Vitamin $C$) are excreted in urine and cannot be stored in the body for long,except for Vitamin $B_{12}$.
Fat-soluble vitamins (like Vitamin $A$,$D$,$E$,and $K$) are stored in the liver and adipose tissues.
Therefore,the pair of Vitamin $A$ and Vitamin $D$ is stored in our body for a longer duration.

(A) Vitamin $K$ is essential for the synthesis of clotting factors in the liver.
Deficiency of vitamin $K$ leads to a reduction in these clotting factors,which results in an increase in blood clotting time.

(D) Vitamin $K$ is essential for the synthesis of clotting factors in the liver,which promotes blood coagulation. Conversely,substances that interfere with $Vitamin \ K$ or act as anticoagulants are used to delay blood clotting. Among the given options,$Vitamin \ K$ is the primary vitamin involved in the blood clotting process. However,if the question implies an anticoagulant effect,it is important to note that $Vitamin \ K$ promotes clotting,while its deficiency or specific inhibitors delay it.

(A) The deficiency of Vitamin $B_{12}$ (cyanocobalamin) leads to pernicious anemia,which is characterized by a decrease in the number of red blood cells ($RBC$s) and the production of abnormally large,immature $RBC$s.

(B) Vitamin-$B_{1}$ is also known as Thiamine.
Vitamin-$B_{6}$ is known as Pyridoxine.
Therefore,the correct pair is Vitamin-$B_{1}$ and Vitamin-$B_{6}$.

(D) Most water-soluble vitamins are excreted from the body through urine and cannot be stored,except for Vitamin $B_{12}$.
Vitamin $B_{12}$ (cyanocobalamin) is a water-soluble vitamin that is stored in the liver and is not excreted easily from the body.

(A) Vitamin $C$ (ascorbic acid) is most stable in the form where the enediol group is present,which allows for resonance stabilization and intramolecular hydrogen bonding.
Structure $A$ represents the naturally occurring form of $L$-ascorbic acid,which is stabilized by intramolecular $H$-bonding between the carbonyl oxygen and the hydroxyl hydrogen.

(D) The correct matches are as follows:
$A$. Vitamin $A$ leads to $III$. Xeropthalmia.
$B$. Thiamine (Vitamin $B_1$) leads to $I$. Beri-Beri.
$C$. Ascorbic acid (Vitamin $C$) leads to $IV$. Scurvy.
$D$. Riboflavin (Vitamin $B_2$) leads to $II$. Cheilosis.
Therefore,the correct sequence is $A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II$.

(A) Vitamins are classified into two categories: water-soluble and fat-soluble.
Fat-soluble vitamins $(A, D, E, K)$ are stored in the liver and adipose tissues.
Among water-soluble vitamins,Vitamin $B_{12}$ is also stored in the liver.
Therefore,the vitamins that can be stored in our body are $A, D, E, K$ and $B_{12}$.
The total count of these vitamins is $5$.

(A) Vitamins are classified into two groups based on their solubility: water-soluble and fat-soluble.
Water-soluble vitamins include the $B$-complex group and Vitamin $C$.
Fat-soluble vitamins include Vitamin $A, D, E,$ and $K$.
Therefore,among the given options,Vitamin $E$ and Vitamin $K$ are fat-soluble.

(B) The correct matches are as follows:
$A$. Vitamin $B_{12}$ causes Pernicious anaemia $(IV)$.
$B$. Vitamin $D$ causes Rickets $(III)$.
$C$. Vitamin $B_2$ causes Cheilosis $(I)$.
$D$. Vitamin $B_6$ causes Convulsions $(II)$.
Therefore,the correct sequence is $A-IV, B-III, C-I, D-II$.

(D) Vitamin $K$ is essential for the synthesis of proteins involved in blood coagulation. $A$ deficiency of vitamin $K$ leads to a decrease in the synthesis of these clotting factors,which results in an increased blood clotting time (or delayed blood clotting).

(B) Vitamin $B_{12}$ contains $Co$ (Cobalt),which is a transition metal.
Chlorophyll is a complex of $Mg$ (Magnesium),which is an alkaline earth metal and not a transition metal.
Haemoglobin contains $Fe$ (Iron),which is a transition metal.
$Cis-platin$ is a coordination complex of $Pt$ (Platinum),which is a transition metal.
Therefore,the correct answer is Chlorophyll.

(B) Excess of vitamins can be harmful to the body,particularly fat-soluble vitamins which accumulate in the liver and adipose tissues. Therefore,vitamin pills should not be taken without the advice of a doctor.

(D) The vitamin that belongs to the aromatic series is Vitamin $K$.
Vitamin $K$ contains a naphthoquinone ring system,which is an aromatic structure.
Therefore,it is classified as belonging to the aromatic series of vitamins.

(A) Vitamin $C$ (ascorbic acid) is a polyhydroxy compound that contains a lactone ring and is considered to be part of the aliphatic series due to its open-chain-like structural features and lack of aromatic rings.
Other vitamins like Vitamin $A$,$K$,and many $B$ complex vitamins contain aromatic or complex cyclic structures.

(B) The vitamin that belongs to the aromatic series is vitamin $K$.
Vitamin $K$ contains a naphthoquinone ring system,which is an aromatic structure.
The structure of vitamin $K$ is shown below:

(D) The deficiency of Vitamin $B_{12}$ (cyanocobalamin) leads to pernicious anaemia.
In this condition,the body produces $RBC$s that are deficient in haemoglobin and are larger than normal,which impairs their ability to transport oxygen effectively.

(C) Scurvy is a disease caused by the deficiency of Vitamin $C$.
Vitamin $C$ is chemically known as $Ascorbic \ acid$.
Therefore,the correct option is $C$.

(C) The chemical name of vitamin $B_1$ is Thiamine.
Vitamin $B_1$ is also known as aneurin.
Riboflavin is vitamin $B_2$,Pyridoxine is vitamin $B_6$,and $\alpha$-tocopherol is vitamin $E$.

(A) Liver is a rich source of many vitamins,including $B_2$,$B_{12}$,and $H$ (Biotin).
However,$B_1$ (Thiamine) is primarily found in whole grains,legumes,and nuts,and is not considered a significant dietary source in liver compared to the others.
Thus,the correct option is $A$.

(B) The chemical name of vitamin $B_6$ is $Pyridoxine$.
Vitamin $B_6$ is a water-soluble vitamin that plays an important role in amino acid metabolism.
Therefore,the correct option is $B$.

(C) The chemical names of the vitamins are as follows:
$(i)$ Vitamin $B_6$ is Pyridoxine $(S)$.
$(ii)$ Vitamin $B_1$ is Thiamine $(R)$.
$(iii)$ Vitamin $B_2$ is Riboflavin $(Q)$.
$(iv)$ Vitamin $C$ is Ascorbic acid $(P)$.
Therefore,the correct matching is $(i)$ $\rightarrow S, (ii)$ $\rightarrow R, (iii)$ $\rightarrow Q, (iv)$ $\rightarrow P$.

(A) The correct answer is $A$.
Ascorbic acid is chemically known as $Vitamin \ C$,which is an essential water-soluble vitamin required for the synthesis of collagen and as an antioxidant.

(D) Vitamins are classified as fat-soluble and water-soluble.
Fat-soluble vitamins $(A, D, E, K)$ can be stored in the body,whereas water-soluble vitamins ($B$ complex and $C$) cannot be stored and are excreted in urine.
Therefore,water-soluble vitamins must be supplied regularly in the diet.
Thus,the correct option is $D$.

(D) The correct matches are as follows:
$I$. Vitamin $A$ is associated with $(iii)$ Night-blindness.
$II$. Vitamin $D$ is associated with $(iv)$ Osteomalacia.
$III$. Vitamin $E$ is associated with $(i)$ Muscular weakness.
$IV$. Vitamin $K$ is associated with $(ii)$ Increased blood clotting time.
Therefore,the correct order is $I-iii, II-iv, III-i, IV-ii$.

(B) Vitamins are classified as fat-soluble or water-soluble.
Fat-soluble vitamins $(A, D, E, K)$ are stored in the body,primarily in the liver and adipose tissue.
Water-soluble vitamins (such as $B$-complex and $C$) are not stored in the body and are excreted through urine.
Therefore,vitamin $B_{6}$ is not stored in adipose tissue.

(B) . Vitamin $K$ is essential for the synthesis of proteins required for blood coagulation (clotting). It acts as a cofactor for the enzyme that carboxylates glutamate residues in clotting factors.

(C) The deficiency of $Vitamin \ B_2$ (Riboflavin) leads to cheilosis (fissuring at corners of mouth and lips),digestive disorders,and burning sensation of the skin.

(D) Vitamin $B_{12}$ contains the metal cobalt.
The chemical name of vitamin $B_{12}$ is cyanocobalamin.

(D) Xerophthalmia is caused by the deficiency of Vitamin $A$. It is characterized by the hardening and dryness of the cornea of the eye. Deficiency of Vitamin $D$ causes rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults,not xerophthalmia. Therefore,the statement in option $D$ is incorrect.

(C) Vitamins are a group of biomolecules required for normal metabolic processes,growth,and health in humans and animals.
The human body cannot synthesize most vitamins and must obtain them from external sources such as vegetables,fish,meat,eggs,fruits,and sunlight to prevent deficiency diseases.
Therefore,the human body does not produce vitamins.

(D) The deficiency of Vitamin $B_6$ (Pyridoxine) is known to cause convulsions in humans.
Common dietary sources of Pyridoxine $(X)$ include yeast,milk,egg yolk,cereals,and gram.
Among the given options,Pyridoxine and cereals represent a correct pairing for $X$ and $Y$ respectively.
Therefore,the correct option is $D$.

(A) Carrot is a rich source of Vitamin $A$ (beta-carotene).
Curd is a source of Vitamin $B_{12}$ because it is synthesized by lactic acid bacteria during the fermentation of milk into curd.