Diseases caused by helminthes Questions in English

(A) The symptoms of $Ascariasis$ include internal bleeding,muscular pain,fever,anaemia,and blockage of the intestinal passage.
$Ascariasis$ is caused by an endoparasite of humans,$Ascaris$ $lumbricoides$,commonly known as the roundworm.

(C) Ascariasis is caused by the intestinal parasite $Ascaris$ $lumbricoides$.
Symptoms include internal bleeding,muscular pain,fever,anaemia,and blockage of the intestinal passage.
$Amoebiasis$ is characterized by abdominal pain,constipation,and stools with excess mucus and blood clots.
$Elephantiasis$ (Filariasis) involves chronic inflammation of the organs in which the parasites live,usually the lymphatic vessels of the lower limbs,leading to gross swelling.
$Typhoid$ is characterized by sustained high fever ($39^{\circ}C$ to $40^{\circ}C$),weakness,stomach pain,constipation,headache,and loss of appetite.

(N/A) Ascariasis is caused by the intestinal parasite $Ascaris \text{ } lumbricoides$ (common roundworm).
Causative Agent: The pathogen responsible for Ascariasis is $Ascaris \text{ } lumbricoides$.
Symptoms: The symptoms of Ascariasis include internal bleeding, muscular pain, fever, anemia, and blockage of the intestinal passage.
Mode of Transmission: The eggs of the parasite are excreted along with the feces of infected persons, which contaminate soil, water, plants, etc. A healthy person acquires this infection through the consumption of contaminated water, vegetables, fruits, etc.

(N/A) Elephantiasis or Filariasis is a disease caused by filarial worms,specifically $Wuchereria bancrofti$ and $Wuchereria malayi$.
Causative Agent: The pathogens are the filarial worms $Wuchereria bancrofti$ and $Wuchereria malayi$.
Symptoms: These worms cause a slowly developing chronic inflammation of the organs in which they live for many years. They usually reside in the lymphatic vessels of the lower limbs,obstructing the flow of lymph. This results in severe swelling of the lower limbs,which resembles the feet of an elephant,hence the name Elephantiasis. The genital organs are also often affected,leading to gross deformities.
Mode of Transmission: The pathogens are transmitted to a healthy person through the bite of female mosquito vectors,such as $Culex$ and $Aedes$ species.

(B) The image shows a person suffering from elephantiasis (filariasis), which is characterized by chronic inflammation of the organs in which the worms live for many years, usually the lymphatic vessels of the lower limbs.
This disease is caused by filarial worms, specifically $Wuchereria$ $\text{bancrofti}$ and $Wuchereria$ $\text{malayi}$.
Therefore, the correct pathogen responsible for this condition is the filarial worm.

(D) Filariasis, also known as Elephantiasis, is caused by the filarial worms $Wuchereria$ $\text{bancrofti}$ and $Wuchereria$ $\text{malayi}$.
These parasites live in the lymphatic vessels of the lower limbs, leading to chronic inflammation and swelling of these vessels.
Over many years, this results in the gross deformity of the limbs and genital organs, which is why the disease is commonly called Elephantiasis.

(C) The correct answer is $C$.
$1$. Malaria is transmitted by the female $Anopheles$ mosquito.
$2$. Filariasis (Elephantiasis) is transmitted by the $Culex$ mosquito.
$3$. Chikungunya is transmitted by the $Aedes$ mosquito.
$4$. Ascariasis is an intestinal infection caused by the roundworm $Ascaris$ $lumbricoides$. It is transmitted through contaminated water,vegetables,and fruits containing eggs of the parasite,not by a mosquito vector.

(B) Ascariasis is caused by the roundworm $Ascaris$ $lumbricoides$. Its symptoms include internal bleeding,muscular pain,fever,anemia,and blockage of the intestinal passage. Thus,$P$ corresponds to $II$ and $III$.
Filariasis (Elephantiasis) is caused by $Wuchereria$ $bancrofti$ or $Wuchereria$ $malayi$. Its symptoms include chronic inflammation of the lymphatic vessels and,in many cases,the genital organs are also affected,leading to gross deformities. Thus,$Q$ corresponds to $I$ and $IV$.
Therefore,the correct matching is $P - (II, III)$ and $Q - (I, IV)$.

(A) The human liver fluke,$Fasciola$ $hepatica$,is a digenetic trematode parasite. Its life cycle involves two intermediate hosts to complete its development. The first intermediate host is a snail (specifically of the genus $Lymnaea$),and the second intermediate host is a fish (specifically freshwater fish). Therefore,the correct option is $A$.

(B) Lymphatic Filariasis, also known as Elephantiasis, is a disease caused by parasitic worms such as $Wuchereria \, bancrofti$, $Brugia \, malayi$, and $Brugia \, timori$.
These parasites infect the lymphatic vessels, leading to chronic inflammation and the obstruction of lymph flow.
This obstruction results in the accumulation of lymph fluid in the tissues, causing severe swelling (lymphedema), particularly in the lower limbs, which is a characteristic symptom of the disease.

(C) Anti-helminthic drugs are medications used to treat infections caused by parasitic worms (helminths).
$Mebendazole$ is a broad-spectrum anthelmintic agent.
$Ascariasis$ is a disease caused by the roundworm $Ascaris$ $lumbricoides$,which is a helminth.
Therefore,$Mebendazole$ is used to treat $Ascariasis$.
Typhoid and Pneumonia are bacterial diseases,and Elephantiasis is caused by filarial worms,which are typically treated with different specific regimens like $Diethylcarbamazine$.

(C) $Wuchereria bancrofti$ is a filarial nematode that causes filariasis (elephantiasis) in humans.
In the life cycle of $Wuchereria bancrofti$, the adult worms reside in the lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes of the human host.
The adult worms produce embryos known as microfilariae.
These microfilariae migrate into the peripheral blood circulation, where they can be detected through a clinical blood smear examination, typically performed at night when their concentration in the blood is highest (nocturnal periodicity).
Therefore, the diagnostic stage found in the blood is the microfilariae stage.

(D) Diethylcarbamazine $(DEC)$ is an anthelmintic medication primarily used in the treatment of filariasis,a disease caused by parasitic filarial worms such as $Wuchereria$ $bancrofti$.
It works by killing the microfilariae and potentially the adult worms,thereby interrupting the transmission cycle of the parasite.
Malaria is typically treated with drugs like chloroquine,while ascariasis is treated with albendazole or mebendazole,and amoebiasis is treated with metronidazole.

(C) The disease described is $Filariasis$ (also known as $Elephantiasis$).
It is caused by filarial worms such as $Wuchereria$ $bancrofti$ and $Wuchereria$ $malayi$.
These parasites live in the lymphatic vessels, causing chronic inflammation and obstruction, which leads to swelling of the limbs (appendages) and often results in gross deformities of the genital organs.

(B) The symptoms described, such as chronic inflammation of the lymphatic vessels (often leading to swelling of the legs) and the involvement of genital organs, are characteristic of $Filariasis$ (also known as $Elephantiasis$).
This disease is caused by filarial worms, such as $Wuchereria$ $\text{bancrofti}$ and $Wuchereria$ $\text{malayi}$.
The parasites live for many years in the lymphatic vessels, causing blockage and severe swelling.

(A) $Ascaris$ is a common roundworm parasite that infects the human intestine.
Symptoms of ascariasis include internal bleeding,muscular pain,fever,anemia,and blockage of the intestinal passage due to the accumulation of a large number of worms.
Therefore,the correct option is $A$.