Allergies Questions in English

(B) Allergies are caused by the release of chemicals like histamine and serotonin from mast cells. When an allergen enters the body,it triggers mast cells to degranulate,releasing these inflammatory mediators which lead to allergic symptoms. Among the given options,$Serotonin$ is a known mediator released by mast cells during an allergic reaction.

(B) Allergies are caused by the release of chemicals like $Histamine$ and $Serotonin$ from mast cells. To treat allergy symptoms,drugs like antihistamines,adrenaline,and steroids are used. Among the given options,$Adrenaline$ is a life-saving drug used to treat severe allergic reactions (anaphylaxis) by rapidly constricting blood vessels and relaxing bronchial muscles.

(A) Allergies are the exaggerated response of the immune system to certain antigens present in the environment,which are called allergens.
When an individual is exposed to an allergen,the immune system produces a specific type of antibody known as Immunoglobulin $E$ $(IgE)$.
These $IgE$ antibodies bind to mast cells and basophils,triggering the release of chemicals like histamine and serotonin,which cause the symptoms of an allergic reaction.

(C) An allergy is an exaggerated response of the immune system to certain antigens present in the environment.
$Asthma$ is a chronic respiratory condition often triggered by allergic reactions to allergens like pollen, dust mites, or pet dander, which cause inflammation and narrowing of the airways.
$Malaria$ is caused by the protozoan $Plasmodium$.
$Typhoid$ is a bacterial infection caused by $Salmonella$ $typhi$.
$Pneumonia$ is an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs, typically caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi.
Therefore, the correct option is $C$.

(D) Allergy is an exaggerated response of the immune system to certain antigens present in the environment.
When an allergen enters the body,it triggers the immune system.
This reaction leads to the release of chemicals such as histamine and serotonin from the mast cells.
These chemicals are responsible for the symptoms of an allergy,such as sneezing,watery eyes,running nose,and difficulty in breathing.

(C) Allergies are exaggerated immune responses to certain antigens present in the environment.
When an allergen enters the body, it triggers the immune system to produce $IgE$ antibodies.
These antibodies bind to the surface of mast cells.
Upon subsequent exposure to the same allergen, the mast cells are stimulated to release chemicals such as $histamine$ and $serotonin$.
These chemicals are responsible for the inflammatory response, which includes symptoms like sneezing, watery eyes, running nose, and difficulty in breathing.

(D) Allergy is the exaggerated response of the immune system to certain antigens present in the environment.
Common symptoms of allergy include sneezing,watery eyes,running nose,and difficulty in breathing.
These symptoms are caused by the release of chemicals like histamine and serotonin from the mast cells.
Therefore,option $D$ is the correct answer.

(A) Allergy is the exaggerated response of the immune system to certain antigens present in the environment.
Symptoms of allergic reactions are caused due to the release of chemicals like histamine and serotonin from the mast cells.
Drugs like antihistamines,adrenaline,and steroids quickly reduce the symptoms of allergy.
Antihistamines block the action of histamine,while adrenaline and steroids act rapidly to suppress the immune response and reduce inflammation,thereby providing quick relief from allergic symptoms.
Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections and are not effective against allergic reactions.

(B) Allergy is the exaggerated response of the immune system to certain antigens present in the environment.
$Hay$ $fever$ (also known as allergic rhinitis) is a classic example of an allergic reaction caused by exposure to allergens like pollen grains,dust,or spores.
Typhoid is a bacterial infection caused by $Salmonella$ $typhi$.
Goitre is typically caused by iodine deficiency.
Skin cancer is caused by uncontrolled growth of abnormal skin cells,often due to $UV$ radiation exposure.
Therefore,the correct option is $B$.

(A) Hypersensitivity to an allergen is known as an allergy.
An allergy is an exaggerated response of the immune system to certain antigens present in the environment.
This occurs due to the aberrant (abnormal) functioning of the immune system,where it reacts to harmless substances like pollen,dust,or dander as if they were dangerous pathogens.
Therefore,it is associated with the aberrant functioning of the immune system.

(C) Antihistamines,adrenaline,and steroids are drugs that are commonly used to quickly reduce the symptoms of allergy.
These medications help in suppressing the immune response that causes allergic reactions,such as sneezing,watery eyes,and skin rashes.

(A) The Assertion is correct because many visitors experience allergic reactions in hilly regions due to high concentrations of airborne pollen from plants like conifers.
The Reason is also correct because conifer trees are wind-pollinated (anemophilous) and release massive amounts of pollen grains into the air,which act as potent allergens.
Therefore,the Reason correctly explains why visitors suffer from such allergies.

(A) Histamine is a chemical mediator released by mast cells during allergic and inflammatory reactions.
It acts as a potent vasodilator,meaning it causes the widening of blood vessels.
This vasodilation increases blood flow and the permeability of blood vessel walls,which contributes to the symptoms of inflammation and allergy,such as redness,swelling,and itching.
Therefore,the Reason correctly explains why Histamine is involved in these reactions.

(A) Mast cells contain granules rich in histamine,serotonin,and heparin.
When allergens enter the body,they bind to $IgE$ antibodies on the surface of mast cells in sensitive individuals.
This binding triggers the degranulation of mast cells,causing them to release large amounts of inflammatory chemicals like histamine into the bloodstream.
Histamine acts as an initiator of the inflammatory response,leading to symptoms such as capillary dilation,increased permeability,mucus secretion,and swelling,which are characteristic of allergic reactions.
Therefore,the Reason correctly explains why mast cells release these chemicals.

(A) Histamine is a derivative of the amino acid $histidine$ produced by damaged cells of vertebrates.
When released,it acts as a vasodilator,meaning it dilates blood vessels (capillaries) and lowers blood pressure.
This physiological effect is a key component of the inflammatory response and allergic reactions.
Therefore,the Reason correctly explains why Histamine is involved in these reactions.

(N/A) Allergy is the exaggerated response of the immune system to certain antigens present in the environment.
Key points regarding allergy:
$1$. The substances to which such an immune response is produced are called allergens.
$2$. The antibodies produced in response to allergens are of the $IgE$ type.
$3$. Common examples of allergens include mites in dust,pollens,and animal dander.
$4$. Symptoms of allergic reactions include sneezing,watery eyes,running nose,and difficulty in breathing.
$5$. Allergies are caused due to the release of chemicals like histamine and serotonin from the mast cells.
$6$. To determine the cause of an allergy,the patient is exposed to or injected with very small doses of possible allergens,and the reactions are studied.
$7$. The use of drugs like anti-histamine,adrenaline,and steroids quickly reduces the symptoms of allergy.
$8$. Modern-day lifestyle has resulted in lowering of immunity and more sensitivity to allergens,leading to increased incidence of allergies and asthma,especially in children in large cities due to over-protected environments.

(N/A) Allergy is the exaggerated response of the immune system to certain antigens present in the environment.
In metropolitan cities,the lifestyle is responsible for the lowering of immunity and increased sensitivity to allergens. The highly polluted environment of metro cities significantly increases the chances of allergy and asthma in children.
Some common symptoms of allergic reactions include sneezing,watery eyes,running nose,and difficulty in breathing.

(N/A) The condition is known as Allergy. It is the hypersensitive response of the immune system to certain antigens present in the environment.
Mast cells are responsible for such reactions as they release chemicals like histamine and serotonin.
To avoid such reactions,the following precautions should be taken:
$(i)$ The use of drugs like antihistamines,adrenaline,and steroids can quickly reduce the symptoms of allergy.
$(ii)$ Identify and avoid contact with the specific allergens (substances) to which the person is hypersensitive.

(N/A) $PAP$ smear: It is a diagnostic test,also known as a Papanicolaou test,used to collect cells from the cervix to screen for cervical cancer.
Allergens: These are substances that trigger an exaggerated immune response in the body,leading to allergic reactions.

(D) Pollen grains of many species,such as Parthenium (carrot grass),are known to cause severe allergies and bronchial afflictions in some people. These conditions lead to chronic respiratory disorders such as asthma and bronchitis. Therefore,the respiratory system is the primary system affected by these pollen-related allergies.

(B) Allergies are exaggerated immune responses to certain antigens present in the environment. To detect the specific allergen causing the reaction,a common clinical method is to inject a very small dose of suspected allergens into the patient's skin (intradermal testing) and observe the reaction. If the patient is allergic,a localized inflammatory response (redness or swelling) will occur at the injection site. Exposing a patient to high levels of allergens (options $A$ and $C$) is dangerous and can trigger a severe,life-threatening reaction known as anaphylactic shock. Therefore,the standard diagnostic procedure is the controlled administration of small doses.

(D) Allergy symptoms are caused by the release of chemicals like histamine and serotonin from mast cells.
To quickly reduce the symptoms of allergy,drugs like $Anti-histamine$,$Adrenaline$,and $Steroids$ are used.
$Anti-histamines$ block the action of histamine.
$Adrenaline$ is used in severe allergic reactions (anaphylaxis) to rapidly counteract the effects.
$Steroids$ help in reducing inflammation and immune response.
Therefore,all the given options are correct.

(B) $Hay \, fever$,also known as allergic rhinitis,is not a fever caused by an infection. Instead,it is an allergic reaction to environmental allergens such as pollen,dust,or mold. When these allergens enter the body,the immune system overreacts,leading to symptoms like sneezing,itching,and nasal congestion. Therefore,it is classified as an allergic reaction.

(A) Mast cells contain granules of $Heparin$ and $Histamine$.
$Histamine$ is released during allergic reactions; it produces inflammation,increases the permeability of blood vessels,activates blood platelets,and causes the contraction of smooth muscles.
$Heparin$ is an anticoagulant that prevents blood clotting.

(C) Modern-day lifestyle has resulted in the lowering of immunity and increased sensitivity to allergens. Due to the lack of exposure to natural environments and changes in dietary habits,more children in metro cities of India suffer from allergies and asthma.

(A) Hypersensitivity to an allergen is known as an allergy. It is caused by an exaggerated response of the immune system to certain antigens present in the environment. These antigens are called allergens. The immune system mistakenly identifies harmless substances as threats,leading to the release of chemicals like histamine and serotonin from mast cells,which cause allergic symptoms.

(C) Rhinitis,commonly known as a runny nose,is the medical term describing irritation and inflammation of the internal mucous membranes of the nose.
Its primary symptoms include nasal discharge (runny nose),nasal congestion,sneezing,and often associated symptoms like reddening of eyes and watery eyes due to allergic reactions or infections.
It is caused by chronic or acute inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose due to viruses,bacteria,or environmental irritants like pollen or dust.
Therefore,the described symptoms are characteristic of Rhinitis.

(A) $IgE$ antibodies are primarily involved in allergic reactions. They bind to mast cells and basophils,causing the release of histamine and other chemicals when they encounter specific allergens,thereby mediating the allergic response.

(C) Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition that is often triggered by an allergic reaction to substances such as house dust,pollen grains,smoke,or animal dander.
It is characterized by the narrowing and inflammation of the bronchi,bronchospasm,and significant difficulty in breathing.

(C) During an allergic reaction,antigens bind to $IgE$ antibodies,which triggers the release of chemicals from mast cells.
Histamine is the primary chemical released during this process.
It is derived from the amino acid histidine.
Histamine causes the dilation of small blood vessels and increases their permeability.
This physiological response leads to symptoms such as localized swelling,itching,sneezing,and watery eyes or nose.

(N/A) Common examples of allergens include $mites$ in dust,$pollens$,and $animal$ $dander$.
Symptoms of an allergic reaction include sneezing,watery eyes,a runny nose,and difficulty in breathing.

(A) Allergy is caused by the release of chemicals like $Histamine$ and $Serotonin$ from mast cells.
To determine the cause of an allergy,the patient is exposed to or injected with very small doses of possible allergens,and the resulting reactions are studied.
The use of drugs like anti-histamine,adrenaline,and steroids can quickly reduce the symptoms of an allergy.

(D) Allergies are hypersensitive reactions of the immune system to certain antigens present in the environment.
During an allergic reaction,the body produces a specific type of antibody called $IgE$ (Immunoglobulin $E$).
These $IgE$ antibodies bind to mast cells and basophils,triggering the release of chemicals like histamine and serotonin,which cause the symptoms of an allergy.

(D) Allergy is an exaggerated response of the immune system to certain antigens present in the environment.
Common symptoms of allergy include sneezing,watery eyes,runny nose,and difficulty in breathing.
These symptoms are caused due to the release of chemicals like histamine and serotonin from the mast cells.
Therefore,all the given options are correct symptoms of an allergy.

(B) Allergies are an exaggerated immune response to certain antigens present in the environment.
When an allergen enters the body, it triggers the immune system.
Specifically, $P$ (Mast cells) are activated and release chemicals $Q$ (Histamine and Serotonin) into the bloodstream.
These chemicals are responsible for the symptoms of an allergic reaction, such as itching, swelling, and redness.
Therefore, the correct identification is $P = \text{Mast cells}$ and $Q = \text{Histamine, Serotonin}$.

(D) Allergies are caused by the release of chemicals like histamine and serotonin from mast cells.
To quickly reduce the symptoms of allergy,drugs like antihistamines,adrenaline,and steroids are used.
$1.$ Antihistamines block the action of histamine,which is responsible for allergic reactions.
$2.$ Adrenaline is used in severe allergic reactions (like anaphylactic shock) to rapidly counteract the effects of histamine.
$3.$ Steroids (glucocorticoids) are used to suppress the immune response and reduce inflammation.
Therefore,the correct combination is $II, III,$ and $IV$.

(C) Allergy is an exaggerated response of the immune system to certain antigens present in the environment.
Symptoms of allergic reactions include sneezing,watery eyes,running nose,and difficulty in breathing.
These symptoms occur due to the release of chemicals like histamine and serotonin from the mast cells,not eosinophils.
Drugs like anti-histamine,adrenaline,and steroids quickly reduce the symptoms of allergy.

(B) During an allergic condition or stress,the adrenal cortex secretes glucocorticoids,primarily $Cortisol$.
$Cortisol$ acts as an anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agent,which helps in reducing the allergic response in the body.
Therefore,the correct option is $B$.

(C) Allergies are the exaggerated response of the immune system to certain antigens present in the environment.
Common symptoms of allergies include sneezing,watery eyes,running nose,and difficulty in breathing.
The use of drugs like anti-histamine,adrenaline,and steroids quickly reduces the symptoms of allergy.
These drugs work by suppressing the immune response or blocking the release of chemicals like histamine that trigger allergic reactions.

(B) Eosinophils are a type of white blood cell that play a crucial role in the body's immune response to allergic reactions and parasitic infections.
When a patient suffers from a severe allergy,the body produces more eosinophils to combat the allergens.
This condition,characterized by an elevated count of eosinophils in the blood,is known as Eosinophilia.
Therefore,in the case of severe allergy and cough,an increase in the eosinophil count is expected in the blood smear report.

(C) The correct answer is $C$.
$Adrenaline$ (also known as $Epinephrine$) is a hormone and medication that acts rapidly to counteract the severe symptoms of an allergic reaction,such as anaphylaxis.
It works by constricting blood vessels to increase blood pressure and relaxing the muscles in the airways to improve breathing.
$Histamine$ is actually a chemical released during an allergic reaction that causes the symptoms,while $Serotonin$ and $Heparin$ are not used to treat acute allergic symptoms.

(B) Mast cells are specialized cells of the immune system that play a crucial role in allergic reactions.
When an allergen enters the body,it triggers mast cells to release various chemical mediators.
The primary chemicals released by mast cells during an allergic response are $Histamine$ and $Serotonin$.
$Histamine$ causes vasodilation and increased capillary permeability,leading to symptoms like swelling,redness,and itching.
Therefore,the correct option is $B$.

(A) rhinitis.
The symptoms of frequent nasal discharge,nasal congestion,reddening of eyes,and watery eyes are indicative of rhinitis.
Rhinitis is the inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose,which can be triggered by viral infections or allergic reactions to allergens like pollen,dust,or dander.

(D) The correct answer is $D$ (IgE).
Allergic reactions are hypersensitive responses of the immune system to certain antigens present in the environment,known as allergens.
When an individual is exposed to an allergen,the immune system produces specific antibodies of the $IgE$ class.
These $IgE$ antibodies bind to mast cells and basophils,triggering the release of chemicals like histamine and serotonin,which cause the symptoms of an allergy.

(B) The correct answer is $B$ (IgE).
When a person is exposed to allergens (substances in the air that trigger an allergic reaction),the body's immune system produces a specific type of antibody called Immunoglobulin $E$ $(IgE)$.
These $IgE$ antibodies bind to mast cells and basophils,triggering the release of chemicals like histamine and serotonin.
This release leads to common allergic symptoms such as sneezing,watery eyes,a runny nose,and difficulty in breathing.

(C) The correct answer is $C$.
An allergy is an exaggerated or inappropriate immune response to certain antigens present in the environment,such as dust,pollen,or dander.
When an individual is exposed to these allergens,the body's immune system produces specific antibodies of the $IgE$ type.
These $IgE$ antibodies bind to mast cells and basophils,triggering the release of chemicals like histamine,which leads to the symptoms of an allergic reaction.