Nature and Scope of Biology Questions in English

(D) The concept of inheritance of acquired characters,also known as Lamarckism,was proposed by Jean Baptiste de Lamarck.
He suggested that organisms can pass on characteristics that they have acquired during their lifetime to their offspring.
This theory was later disproven by experiments,such as those conducted by August Weismann.

(D) August $Weismann$ proposed the theory of germplasm to disprove the theory of inheritance of acquired characters proposed by $Lamarck$. To demonstrate this,he performed an experiment where he cut off the tails of mice for $22$ generations. He observed that despite the removal of the tail in the parents,the offspring were always born with tails. This proved that changes in somatic cells are not inherited,while only changes in germ cells are passed to the next generation.

(C) August Weismann proposed the germplasm theory.
He conducted an experiment where he cut off the tails of mice for several generations and observed that the offspring were still born with tails.
This experiment provided evidence against Lamarck's theory of the inheritance of acquired characters,which was based on the principle of use and disuse.
Weismann argued that changes in somatic cells are not inherited,only changes in germ cells (germplasm) are passed to the next generation.

(A) The study of ticks and mites is known as $Acarology$.
$Entomology$ is the study of insects.
$Malacology$ is the study of mollusks.
$Carcinology$ is the study of crustaceans.

(B) Birbal Sahni is widely recognized as the father of Indian palaeobotany.
He made significant contributions to the study of fossil plants and the geology of the Indian subcontinent.
He founded the Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences in Lucknow.

(A) The pioneers of 'Organic Evolution' are scientists who contributed significantly to the understanding of how species change over time.
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck proposed the theory of inheritance of acquired characters.
Charles Darwin proposed the theory of natural selection.
Hugo de Vries proposed the mutation theory.
Thomas Malthus provided the foundation for the struggle for existence through his work on population growth.
Julian Huxley was a key figure in the Modern Synthetic Theory of evolution.
Among the given options,option $A$ lists the most prominent figures associated with the foundational theories of organic evolution.

(C) The book 'Genetics and the Origin of Species' was written by Theodosius Dobzhansky in $1937$.
This landmark work was instrumental in the development of the Modern Synthetic Theory of Evolution,as it integrated Mendelian genetics with Darwinian natural selection.

(C) The recapitulation theory,also known as the biogenetic law,was proposed by $Ernst \ Haeckel$ in $1866$.
This theory states that the embryonic development of an individual organism,known as ontogeny,repeats the evolutionary history of its species,known as phylogeny.
Therefore,the correct option is $C$.

(A) Photophosphorylation is the process of $ATP$ synthesis from $ADP$ and inorganic phosphate $(Pi)$ using light energy during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.
This process was discovered and proposed by $D.I.$ $\text{Arnon}$ in $1954$.

(D) Julius von Sachs,a prominent German botanist,demonstrated for the first time in $1860$ that plants could be grown to maturity in a defined nutrient solution in complete absence of soil. This technique is known as hydroponics.

(B) Robert Hooke is credited with the first use of a microscope to study biological objects. In $1665$,he examined thin slices of cork under his primitive microscope and observed small,box-like structures which he termed 'cells'. This discovery was published in his famous book,'Micrographia'.

(C) Hans Christian Gram was a Danish bacteriologist. He is best known for his development of the Gram stain technique,which is used to classify bacteria into two large groups: Gram-positive and Gram-negative. He was born in Copenhagen,Denmark,in $1853$.

(B) The vaccination against smallpox was developed by $Edward Jenner$ in $1796$.
He observed that milkmaids who had contracted cowpox were immune to smallpox.
He tested this hypothesis by inoculating a young boy with material from a cowpox lesion and later exposing him to smallpox,finding that the boy did not develop the disease.
This discovery laid the foundation for the field of immunology.

(D) The concept of phagocytosis was developed by $E. Metchnikoff$.
He observed that certain cells in the body could engulf and destroy foreign particles,which he termed as phagocytes.
For this pioneering work in cellular immunity,$E. Metchnikoff$ was awarded the $1908$ Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

(D) Hybridoma technology is a method used for producing large numbers of identical antibodies,also called monoclonal antibodies.
This technology was developed by Georges $K$öhler and $C$ésar Milstein in $1975$.
They fused a normal antibody-producing $B$ cell with a myeloma (cancer) cell to create a hybridoma cell line that produces monoclonal antibodies indefinitely.

(C) The correct answer is $C$. Ivan $P$. Pavlov $(1849-1936)$ is known as the 'Father of conditioned reflex'.
He conducted famous experiments on dogs,demonstrating that an animal can be trained to respond to a neutral stimulus (like a bell) by associating it with a natural stimulus (like food),a process known as classical conditioning.

(D) The first human $EEG$ (electroencephalogram) was recorded by the German psychiatrist $Hans \ Berger$ in $1924$. He is widely recognized as the inventor of the $EEG$ and the discoverer of the alpha wave rhythm in the human brain.

(A) The term 'Hormone' was coined by $E.H. Starling$ in $1905$. He discovered the first hormone,$Secretin$,in collaboration with $W.M. Bayliss$.

(C) The Bordeaux mixture is a fungicide and bactericide that was discovered by the French botanist $P.M.A. Millardet$ in $1882$.
It is a mixture of copper sulfate $(CuSO_4)$ and slaked lime $(Ca(OH)_2)$ in water.
It was originally developed to control downy mildew of grapes.

(B) The famous Indian zoologist $K.N. Bahl$ wrote a comprehensive memoir on the earthworm,$Pheretima$ posthuma.
This work is a classic reference in zoology that provides a detailed account of the morphology,anatomy,and physiology of the earthworm.

(C) Kokichi Mikimoto is known as the 'Father of the pearl industry'.
He was a Japanese entrepreneur who successfully created the first cultured pearls in $1893$.
His innovations revolutionized the pearl industry by making pearls more accessible through cultivation rather than relying solely on natural harvesting.

(B) Paul Muller was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in $1948$ for his discovery of the high efficiency of $DDT$ as a contact poison against several arthropods.

(B) Amniocentesis is a prenatal diagnostic technique based on the chromosomal pattern in the amniotic fluid surrounding the developing fetus.
It is primarily used to detect chromosomal abnormalities and certain hereditary metabolic disorders (genetic diseases) in the fetus.
While it can sometimes provide clues about structural developments,its primary clinical application is the identification of genetic and hereditary conditions.

(B) Amniocentesis is a prenatal diagnostic technique based on the chromosomal pattern in the amniotic fluid surrounding the developing embryo.
It is primarily used to detect chromosomal abnormalities,developmental disorders,and metabolic diseases in the foetus.
Although it can be used for sex determination,this practice is legally banned in many countries,including India,to prevent female foeticide.

(A) Amniocentesis is a prenatal diagnostic technique.
It involves the withdrawal of a small amount of amniotic fluid from the amniotic sac surrounding the developing fetus.
This procedure is performed during the $Gestation$ period (typically between the $15^{th}$ and $20^{th}$ week of pregnancy) to detect chromosomal abnormalities,developmental disorders,or fetal infections.

(B) Amniocentesis is a medical procedure used primarily in prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal abnormalities and fetal infections.
In this procedure, a small amount of $Amniotic fluid$ is sampled from the amniotic sac surrounding the developing fetus.
This fluid contains fetal cells, which are then analyzed to determine the genetic makeup, chromosomal health, and sex of the fetus.

(D) Susruta,often referred to as the 'Father of Surgery',documented the use of non-poisonous leeches in his medical treatise,the $Susruta \ Samhita$,around $600$ $BC$.
He utilized these leeches to remove stagnant or clotted blood from surgical wounds to prevent inflammation and promote healing.
This practice is one of the earliest recorded instances of bloodletting and surgical management in ancient Indian medicine.

(C) Aquaculture is the farming of aquatic organisms such as fish,crustaceans,mollusks,and aquatic plants in controlled environments.
$A$. Pisces (fish) are a primary component of aquaculture.
$B$. Prawns are crustaceans and are widely farmed in aquaculture.
$D$. Shell fishery involves the cultivation of mollusks and crustaceans,which falls under aquaculture.
$C$. Silkworm rearing is known as Sericulture,which is an terrestrial agricultural practice,not aquaculture.

(B) Haematology is the branch of medicine and biology concerned with the study, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases related to blood.
The term is derived from the Greek word '$haima$' meaning '$blood$' and '$logia$' meaning '$study$'.
Therefore, it is the scientific study of blood and blood-forming organs.

(B) Ernst Ruska was a German physicist who designed the first electron microscope in $1931$.
Due to his pioneering work in electron optics and the design of the first electron microscope,he was awarded half of the Nobel Prize in Physics in $1986$.

(D) The World Food Prize is a prestigious international award recognizing the achievements of individuals who have advanced human development by improving the quality,quantity,or availability of food in the world.
$M.S. Swaminathan$ was the first recipient of the World Food Prize in $1987$ for his leadership in India's Green Revolution,which significantly increased agricultural productivity and food security in the country.

(B) . Norman $E$. Borlaug is widely recognized as the father of the Green Revolution. He was a renowned plant breeder who developed high-yielding varieties of wheat,which significantly increased food production globally.

(C) $Allometry$ is the study of the relationship between the size and shape of an organism or its parts.
It examines how the characteristics of living things change with size,often focusing on how growth rates of different parts of the body differ as an organism grows.
$Allopatric$ refers to populations living in different geographical areas.
$Allelopathy$ is a biological phenomenon where an organism produces biochemicals that influence the growth,survival,and reproduction of other organisms.
$Allogamy$ refers to cross-fertilization in plants.

(A) Ethology is the scientific and objective study of animal behavior,usually with a focus on behavior under natural conditions.
Parapsychology is the study of alleged psychic phenomena.
Euphenics is the science of improving the human phenotype through medical or environmental intervention.
Etiology is the study of the causes or origins of diseases.

(C) The branch of biology that deals with the study of the normal physical and chemical processes and functions of living organisms is known as $Physiology$.
$Histology$ is the study of the microscopic structure of tissues.
$Anatomy$ is the study of the internal structure of organisms.
$Entomology$ is the study of insects.

(D) Birbal Sahni $(1891-1949)$ was a renowned Indian scientist who made significant contributions to the study of fossils of plants. He is widely recognized as the father of Indian Paleobotany. He founded the Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences in Lucknow.

(B) Palaeobotany is the branch of biology that deals with the study of plant fossils and the remains of ancient plant life.
$A$. Palaeontology is the study of fossils in general (both plants and animals).
$B$. Palaeobotany specifically focuses on plant fossils.
$C$. Eugenics is the study of improving the genetic quality of a human population.
$D$. Palynology is the study of pollen grains and spores.

(A) $Wolffia$ is a genus of rootless aquatic plants in the family $Araceae$. It is widely recognized as the smallest flowering plant on Earth. The individual flowers of $Wolffia$ are microscopic,making the entire plant body extremely small,often measuring less than $1 \ mm$ in diameter.

(D) The branch of biology that specifically deals with the study of the structure,function,and reproduction of cells is known as Cell Biology or Cytology.
$1$. Cell Biology (or Cytology) focuses on the physiological properties,metabolic processes,signaling pathways,life cycle,chemical composition,and interactions of the cell with its environment.
$2$. Anatomy deals with the structural organization of organisms.
$3$. Histology is the study of the microscopic structure of tissues.
Therefore,both Cytology and Cell Biology are correct terms,but Cell Biology is the most comprehensive term used in modern biological science to describe this field.

(D) Petroleum products are materials derived from crude oil (petroleum) as it is processed in oil refineries.
$Naphtha$,$Benzene$,and $Paraffin$ are all common products obtained during the fractional distillation or processing of petroleum.
Since all the listed options are derived from petroleum,none of them qualify as 'not a petroleum product'.
Therefore,the correct answer is $D$.

(A) The per capita income is a measure of the amount of money earned per person in a nation or geographic region. It is calculated by dividing the total national income (or Gross National Income) by the total population of the country. This metric is commonly used to evaluate the average economic standard of living of the population.

(A) The correct answer is $A$.
According to the census data,Kerala has consistently maintained the highest literacy rate in India.
For instance,as per the $1991$ census,the literacy rate of Kerala was $90.59\%$,which remains the highest among all Indian states.

(A) According to the $1991$ census data for Madhya Pradesh $(M.P.)$,the three most populated cities in descending order were Indore,Jabalpur,and Bhopal. Therefore,the correct sequence is Indore,Jabalpur,and Bhopal.

(B) The science of studying living organisms,known as Biology,is primarily divided into two main branches: $1$. Botany (the study of plants) and $2$. Zoology (the study of animals). Therefore,the correct answer is $B$.

(A) The study of living organisms is known as $Biology$. The term is derived from the Greek words '$bios$' (meaning life) and '$logos$' (meaning study). It encompasses the structure,function,growth,origin,evolution,and distribution of living things.

(D) Biology is the study of living organisms.
$A$. Botany is the study of plants.
$B$. Microbiology is the study of microorganisms.
$C$. Zoology is the study of animals.
$D$. Molecular Science (or Molecular Physics/Chemistry) is a branch of physical science,not a primary branch of biology,although molecular biology exists as a sub-discipline. Therefore,Molecular Science is the correct answer.

(B) Sushruta is widely regarded as the 'Father of Surgery' for his pioneering contributions to the field of medicine and surgery,particularly for his detailed descriptions of surgical procedures in the 'Sushruta Samhita'.
Hippocrates is known as the 'Father of Medicine'.
Charaka is known as the 'Father of Ayurveda'.
Robert Koch is known for his contributions to microbiology and the germ theory of disease.

(C) $ \text{Aristotle} $ is widely recognized as the $ \text{Father of Embryology} $ because he was the first to describe the development of a chick embryo in a hen's egg.
$ \text{Karl Ernst von Baer} $ is known as the $ \text{Father of Modern Embryology} $ for his discovery of the blastula stage and the germ layer theory.

(C) Birbal Sahni $(B. Sahni)$ is widely recognized as the father of Indian Paleobotany. He was an eminent Indian paleobotanist who studied the fossils of the Indian subcontinent. He also took an interest in geology and archaeology. He founded the Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences in Lucknow.

(A) Pedanius Dioscorides $(40-90 \text{ AD})$ was a Greek physician,pharmacologist,and botanist. He is widely recognized as the Father of Pharmacology because of his monumental work,'De Materia Medica',which served as the primary reference for medicinal plants and drugs for over $1,500$ years. Hippocrates is known as the Father of Medicine.