Mix Examples - Carbon and its Compounds Questions in English

(D) Propanone is a ketone with the chemical formula $CH_3COCH_3$.
Its $IUPAC$ name is propanone,while its widely used common name is acetone.
Therefore,the correct option is $D$.

(B) Propanone is a ketone with the chemical formula $CH_3COCH_3$.
The functional group present in ketones is the carbonyl group,represented as $>C=O$.
Option $A$ $(-CHO)$ represents an aldehyde.
Option $C$ $(-COOH)$ represents a carboxylic acid.
Option $D$ $(-COOR)$ represents an ester.
Therefore,the correct functional group for propanone is $>C=O$.

(A) Propanone,commonly known as acetone,is a ketone with the chemical formula $C_{3}H_{6}O$.
Its structural formula is $CH_{3}-CO-CH_{3}$,which indicates a central carbonyl group $(C=O)$ bonded to two methyl groups $(CH_{3})$.
Therefore,the correct molecular formula is $CH_{3}COCH_{3}$.

(B) The Fischer-Tropsch process is a collection of chemical reactions that converts a mixture of carbon monoxide $(CO)$ and hydrogen $(H_{2})$ into liquid hydrocarbons or oxygenated compounds.
Cobalt $(CoO)$ or Iron-based catalysts are typically employed in this process.
Among the given options,Cobalt oxide $(CoO)$ is a well-known catalyst used in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis to facilitate the production of various organic compounds,including ketones like propanone under specific conditions.

(C) ketone functional group requires a carbonyl group $(C=O)$ to be bonded to two other carbon atoms.
Therefore,the simplest ketone is propanone,which contains $3$ carbon atoms.
It is impossible to form a ketone with only $2$ carbon atoms because the carbonyl carbon must be flanked by two alkyl groups.

(D) The liquid used to remove nail polish is commonly known as a nail polish remover. The primary active ingredient in most nail polish removers is $Acetone$ $(CH_3COCH_3)$. $Acetone$ is a simple ketone that acts as a powerful solvent,effectively dissolving the polymers and resins present in the nail polish,allowing it to be wiped away easily.

(C) The $-COOH$ functional group is known as the carboxylic acid group.
Among the given options:
$A$. Methanol $(CH_3OH)$ is an alcohol.
$B$. Methanal $(HCHO)$ is an aldehyde.
$C$. Formic acid $(HCOOH)$ contains the $-COOH$ functional group.
$D$. Acetone $(CH_3COCH_3)$ is a ketone.
Therefore,the correct answer is Formic acid.

(B) Formic acid has the chemical formula $HCOOH$.
According to $IUPAC$ nomenclature,a carboxylic acid with one carbon atom is named as methanoic acid.
The prefix 'meth-' indicates the presence of one carbon atom,and the suffix '-oic acid' denotes the carboxylic acid functional group.

(B) Ethanoic acid is a carboxylic acid with the chemical formula $CH_3COOH$.
Its common name is acetic acid.
It is the main component of vinegar,typically containing $5-8\%$ acetic acid in water.

(A) Formic acid is the simplest carboxylic acid. Its $IUPAC$ name is methanoic acid. The molecular formula of formic acid is $HCOOH$.

(C) Ethanoic acid,commonly known as acetic acid,is a carboxylic acid with the chemical formula $CH_{3}COOH$.
It consists of a methyl group $(CH_{3})$ attached to a carboxyl group $(-COOH)$.
Option $A$ is methyl acetate,option $B$ is ethyl acetate,and option $D$ is propanoic acid.

(A) The general formula for a carboxylic acid is $R-COOH$,where $R$ is an alkyl group or a hydrogen atom.
In formic acid $(HCOOH)$,the $R$ group is a hydrogen atom $(H)$,not an alkyl group.
In acetic acid $(CH_3COOH)$,the $R$ group is a methyl group $(CH_3)$,which is an alkyl group.
In propionic acid $(C_2H_5COOH)$,the $R$ group is an ethyl group $(C_2H_5)$,which is an alkyl group.
In butyric acid $(C_3H_7COOH)$,the $R$ group is a propyl group $(C_3H_7)$,which is an alkyl group.
Therefore,formic acid is the only carboxylic acid among the options that does not contain an alkyl group.

(B) Vinegar is a dilute aqueous solution of acetic acid $(CH_3COOH)$.
It typically contains $5-8\%$ acetic acid by volume.
It is produced through the fermentation of ethanol by acetic acid bacteria.

(D) Sodium ethanoate is the salt formed from ethanoic acid $(CH_{3}COOH)$ and sodium hydroxide $(NaOH)$.
In this reaction,the hydrogen ion $(H^+)$ of the carboxylic acid group is replaced by a sodium ion $(Na^+)$.
The chemical formula for the ethanoate ion is $CH_{3}COO^-$.
Therefore,the molecular formula of sodium ethanoate is $CH_{3}COONa$.

(C) Ethyl acetate is an organic compound with the chemical formula $CH_3COOCH_2CH_3$.
It is formed by the reaction between ethanol and acetic acid,which is an esterification reaction.
The functional group present in ethyl acetate is $-COO-$,which characterizes it as an ester.
Therefore,the correct option is $C$.

(B) The reaction of methanol with carbon monoxide in the presence of an $I_2-Rh$ catalyst is known as the Monsanto process or carbonylation of methanol.
The chemical equation for this reaction is: $CH_3OH + CO \xrightarrow{I_2-Rh} CH_3COOH$.
In this process,methanol reacts with carbon monoxide to produce acetic acid $(CH_3COOH)$.

(C) The given reaction is an esterification reaction.
In this reaction,a carboxylic acid $(CH_{3}COOH)$ reacts with an alcohol $(C_{2}H_{5}OH)$ in the presence of an acid catalyst (concentrated $H_{2}SO_{4}$) to form an ester and water.
The reaction is as follows:
$CH_{3}COOH + C_{2}H_{5}OH \xrightarrow[\Delta]{\text{conc. } H_{2}SO_{4}} CH_{3}COOC_{2}H_{5} + H_{2}O$
Here,$CH_{3}COOC_{2}H_{5}$ is ethyl acetate (an ester) and $H_{2}O$ is water.

(B) Vinegar is a dilute solution of acetic acid.
The chemical name of acetic acid is ethanoic acid.
The molecular formula of ethanoic acid (acetic acid) is $CH_{3}COOH$.
Therefore,the correct option is $B$.

(B) White lead is a basic lead carbonate,chemically represented as $2PbCO_3 \cdot Pb(OH)_2$.
To prepare white lead,lead plates are exposed to the vapours of acetic acid $(CH_3COOH)$ in the presence of air and carbon dioxide.
The acetic acid reacts with lead to form lead acetate,which subsequently reacts with carbon dioxide and water to produce white lead.
Therefore,acetic acid is the essential reagent used in its preparation.

(A) Pure ethanol is a chemical compound with the formula $C_2H_5OH$.
Its boiling point is approximately $78.37 \ ^\circ C$.
To convert this to Kelvin,we use the formula: $K = ^\circ C + 273.15$.
$K = 78.37 + 273.15 = 351.52 \ K$.
Rounding to the nearest whole number provided in the options,the boiling point is $351 \ K$.

(D) Methanal,also known as formaldehyde $(HCHO)$,is the simplest aldehyde.
Its boiling point is approximately $-19^{\circ}C$,which corresponds to $254\,K$ (often cited as $253\,K$ in standard chemistry textbooks).
Therefore,the correct option is $D$.

(B) Propanone,also known as acetone,is a common organic solvent with the chemical formula $CH_3COCH_3$.
The boiling point of propanone is $329\;K$ $(56\;^{\circ}C)$.
This value is a standard physical property of the compound.

(C) Acetic acid $(CH_3COOH)$,also known as ethanoic acid,is a common organic compound.
Its physical properties include a melting point of $290\;K$ and a boiling point of $391\;K$.
Therefore,the correct option is $C$.

(A) Bakelite is a thermosetting polymer formed by the condensation polymerization of phenol and formaldehyde (methanal).
In this reaction,phenol reacts with methanal $(HCHO)$ in the presence of an acid or base catalyst to produce a cross-linked polymer structure.
Therefore,methanal is one of the essential monomers used in the synthesis of bakelite.

(C) Teflon,chemically known as polytetrafluoroethylene $(PTFE)$,is a synthetic fluoropolymer of tetrafluoroethylene.
It is widely used for coating nonstick cooking vessels because it has a high melting point,is chemically inert,and possesses a very low coefficient of friction,which prevents food from sticking to the surface.

(D) Teflon is a synthetic fluoropolymer of tetrafluoroethylene.
It is produced by the polymerization of the monomer $CF_2=CF_2$ (tetrafluoroethene).
The chemical formula of the monomer is $C_2F_4$.
Therefore,the correct monomer unit is tetrafluoroethene.

(B) Natural rubber is a polymer made up of repeating units of $2$-methyl-$1,3$-butadiene,which is commonly known as isoprene.
Its chemical formula is $C_5H_8$.
When these isoprene units polymerize,they form polyisoprene,which constitutes natural rubber.
Therefore,the correct monomer is isoprene.

(C) Neoprene is a synthetic rubber produced by the polymerization of chloroprene.
Its chemical name is $2$-chloro-$1,3$-butadiene.
The polymerization process involves the addition of chloroprene units to form a long chain polymer.
Therefore,the correct monomer unit is chloroprene.

(B) natural polymer is a polymer that occurs naturally in living organisms.
$1$. Cellulose is a natural polysaccharide found in the cell walls of plants.
$2$. Vulcanized rubber is a modified form of natural rubber,making it a semi-synthetic polymer.
$3$. Neoprene is a synthetic rubber produced by the polymerization of chloroprene.
$4$. Teflon (polytetrafluoroethylene) is a synthetic fluoropolymer.
Therefore,cellulose is the correct answer.

(A) An addition polymer is formed by the repeated addition of monomer units containing double or triple bonds without the loss of any small molecules.
Polystyrene is formed by the polymerization of styrene $(C_6H_5CH=CH_2)$ monomers through an addition reaction.
Nylon,polyester,and polyamide are condensation polymers,which are formed by the loss of small molecules like $H_2O$ or $CH_3OH$ during the polymerization process.
Therefore,the correct answer is Polystyrene.

(D) condensation polymer is formed by the repeated condensation reaction between two different bi-functional or tri-functional monomeric units, usually accompanied by the elimination of small molecules like $H_2O$, $HCl$, or $NH_3$.
$Nylon$ (specifically $Nylon-6,6$) is a classic example of a condensation polymer formed by the reaction between hexamethylenediamine and adipic acid.
In contrast, $Polythene$, $Natural \text{ } rubber$, and $Teflon$ are addition polymers formed by the repeated addition of monomer units without the loss of any small molecules.

(C) Vulcanization is a chemical process used to improve the properties of natural rubber.
In this process,natural rubber is heated with $Sulphur$ (or other curatives) at a temperature range of $100^{\circ}C$ to $150^{\circ}C$.
This process creates cross-links between the polymer chains of rubber,which makes the rubber harder,more durable,and resistant to heat and wear.
Therefore,$Sulphur$ is the substance mixed with natural rubber to obtain vulcanized rubber.

(B) Vulcanization is a chemical process for converting natural rubber or related polymers into more durable materials by the addition of sulfur or other equivalent curatives.
$ZnO$ (Zinc Oxide) is commonly used as an activator or catalyst in the vulcanization process to increase the rate of reaction and improve the physical properties of the rubber.

(D) Vulcanization is a chemical process for converting natural rubber or related polymers into more durable materials by adding sulfur or other equivalent curatives.
For standard vulcanized rubber used in tires,the sulfur content is typically around $3-5 \%$.
However,for specialized applications like battery casings (ebonite or hard rubber),a much higher concentration of sulfur is required to achieve the necessary hardness and chemical resistance.
In the production of ebonite,which is used for battery casings,the sulfur content is approximately $30 \%$.

(D) Vulcanization is a chemical process for converting natural rubber or related polymers into more durable materials by the addition of sulfur or other equivalent curatives.
For standard vulcanized rubber used in tires,the sulfur content is typically around $3-5 \%$.
However,for hard rubber (ebonite) used in battery casings,a much higher concentration of sulfur is required to provide the necessary rigidity and chemical resistance.
This type of rubber typically contains approximately $30 \%$ sulfur.

(C) $Neoprene$ is a synthetic rubber produced by the polymerization of $Chloroprene$ $(2-chloro-1,3-butadiene)$.
The chemical structure of $Neoprene$ contains a chlorine atom attached to the carbon chain.
This chlorine atom provides $Neoprene$ with excellent resistance to heat,oil,and chemical degradation compared to natural rubber.
Therefore,the high temperature resistance is primarily due to the presence of the chlorine atom.

(B) homopolymer is a polymer formed from a single type of monomer unit.
Polythene is formed by the polymerization of a single type of monomer,which is ethene $(CH_2=CH_2)$.
Styrene-butadiene rubber is a copolymer formed from two different monomers: styrene and butadiene.
Nylon and polyester are also copolymers formed by the condensation of different monomer units.
Therefore,polythene is the correct example of a homopolymer.

(D) The reaction between a dicarboxylic acid (a compound with two carboxylic acid groups) and a diol (a compound with two hydroxyl groups) is a condensation polymerization reaction.
This reaction results in the formation of an ester linkage $(-COO-)$ between the monomers.
Polymers formed through this process are known as polyesters.
For example,Terylene (or Dacron) is formed by the condensation polymerization of ethylene glycol (a diol) and terephthalic acid (a dicarboxylic acid).

(B) The condensation polymerization of hexamethylenediamine $(H_2N(CH_2)_6NH_2)$ and adipic acid $(HOOC(CH_2)_4COOH)$ results in the formation of Nylon-$66$.
This process involves the loss of water molecules $(H_2O)$ during the formation of amide linkages between the monomers.
Therefore,the correct answer is Nylon-$66$.

(B) biopolymer is a polymer produced by living organisms.
Polysaccharides (like starch and cellulose),proteins,and nucleic acids ($DNA$ and $RNA$) are all naturally occurring polymers found in living systems.
Polythene is a synthetic polymer made from the polymerization of ethylene $(C_2H_4)$ and is not produced by living organisms.
Therefore,polythene is not a biopolymer.

(A) Polyethylene is a synthetic polymer made from the polymerization of ethylene monomers.
It is chemically inert and non-biodegradable,meaning it does not break down easily through natural environmental processes like microbial action or hydrolysis.
In contrast,polysaccharides,proteins,and nucleic acids are natural biopolymers that are biodegradable and can be broken down by enzymes and environmental factors.

(D) $PHBV$ (Poly-$\beta$-hydroxybutyrate-co-$\beta$-hydroxyvalerate) is a biodegradable synthetic polymer.
It is produced by certain bacteria and is used in packaging, orthopedic devices, and controlled drug release.
$PVC$, Polybutadiene, and Teflon are non-biodegradable synthetic polymers.

(B) The biopolymer $PHBV$ (Poly-$\beta$-hydroxybutyrate-co-$\beta$-hydroxyvalerate) is a biodegradable, non-toxic, and biocompatible polymer.
It is produced by certain bacteria and is used in orthopedic devices and for controlled drug release.
It was the first biopolymer used for post-operative stitches because it is biodegradable and does not require removal, as it is naturally broken down by the body.

(D) The polymer used in controlled-release drug capsules is $PHBV$ (Poly-$\beta$-hydroxybutyrate-co-$\beta$-hydroxyvalerate).
$PHBV$ is a biodegradable, aliphatic polyester that is biocompatible.
Due to its ability to degrade in the body over time, it is widely used in medical applications, including the encapsulation of drugs for controlled release.

(C) The functional groups and their chemical representations are as follows:
$1$. Hydroxyl group is represented as $-OH$ (matches $b$).
$2$. Aldehyde group is represented as $-CHO$ (matches $c$).
$3$. Carboxylic acid group is represented as $-COOH$ (matches $d$).
$4$. Ketone group is represented as $>C=O$ (matches $a$).
Therefore, the correct matching is $1-b, 2-c, 3-d, 4-a$.

(B) The reaction used to form soap is known as $Saponification$. In this process, fats or oils (esters of fatty acids and glycerol) are heated with a strong base like $NaOH$ or $KOH$. This reaction results in the formation of soap (sodium or potassium salts of fatty acids) and glycerol. The general equation is: $\text{Fat/Oil} + \text{NaOH} \rightarrow \text{Soap} + \text{Glycerol}$.

(D) Soap is chemically defined as the sodium or potassium salt of long-chain fatty acids.
These fatty acids consist of a long hydrocarbon chain (hydrophobic tail) attached to a carboxylate group (hydrophilic head).
The general formula for soap is $R-COONa$,where $R$ represents a long-chain hydrocarbon group (typically $C_{15}H_{31}$ or $C_{17}H_{35}$).
Therefore,the functional group attached to the hydrocarbon chain in soap is the carboxylate group,represented as $-COONa$.

(A) Detergents are ammonium or sulphonate salts of long-chain carboxylic acids.
Specifically,the most common detergents are sodium salts of long-chain benzene sulphonic acids.
The functional group present in the hydrocarbon chain of a detergent is the sulphonate group,represented as $-SO_{3}Na$.
Therefore,the correct option is $A$.