Which methodologies were applied in $HGP$?

(N/A) The methodologies involved two major approaches:
$1$. Expressed Sequence Tags $(ESTs)$: This approach focused on identifying all the genes that are expressed as $RNA$.
$2$. Sequence Annotation: This approach involved blindly sequencing the whole set of the genome that contained all the coding and non-coding sequences,and later assigning different regions in the sequence with functions.
For sequencing,the total $DNA$ from a cell is isolated and converted into random fragments of relatively smaller sizes and cloned in a suitable host using specialised vectors. The cloning resulted in the amplification of each piece of $DNA$ fragment so that it could be sequenced with ease. The commonly used hosts were bacteria and yeast,and the vectors were called $BAC$ (Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes) and $YAC$ (Yeast Artificial Chromosomes).
The fragments were sequenced using automated $DNA$ sequencers that worked on the principle of a method developed by Frederick Sanger. These sequences were then arranged based on some overlapping regions present in them. Since the alignment of these sequences was not humanly possible,specialised computer-based programs were developed. These sequences were subsequently annotated and assigned to each chromosome. The sequence of chromosome $1$ was completed in May $2006$ (the last of the $24$ human chromosomes to be sequenced).
Another challenging task was assigning the genetic and physical maps on the genome. This was generated using information on polymorphism of restriction endonuclease recognition sites and some repetitive $DNA$ sequences known as microsatellites.