What is bending? How can bending problems be prevented,and what is buckling?

(N/A) Bending is the deformation of a structural element (like a beam) under a transverse load,causing it to sag.
To prevent excessive bending,we use the formula for the depression (sag) of a beam of length $l$,breadth $b$,and depth $d$ loaded at the center with weight $W$: $\delta = \frac{W l^3}{4 b d^3 Y}$,where $Y$ is Young's modulus. To minimize bending $(\delta)$,one should:
$1$. Reduce the length $(l)$ between supports.
$2$. Increase the depth $(d)$ of the beam (since $\delta \propto 1/d^3$).
$3$. Use a material with a higher Young's modulus $(Y)$.
Buckling is a form of structural instability that occurs when a long,slender column is subjected to a compressive axial load. Instead of just compressing,the column suddenly bends or bows out sideways,leading to potential structural failure.