The value of horizontal component of earth's magnetic field at a place is $0.35 \times 10^{-4} \,T$. If the angle of dip is $60^{\circ}$,the value of vertical component of earth's magnetic field is nearly ............. $\times 10^{-4} \,T$.

What is the dynamo effect?

Answer the following questions:
$(a)$ The earth's magnetic field varies from point to point in space. Does it also change with time? If so,on what time scale does it change appreciably?
$(b)$ The earth's core is known to contain iron. Yet geologists do not regard this as a source of the earth's magnetism. Why?
$(c)$ The charged currents in the outer conducting regions of the earth's core are thought to be responsible for earth's magnetism. What might be the 'battery' (i.e.,the source of energy) to sustain these currents?
$(d)$ The earth may have even reversed the direction of its field several times during its history of $4$ to $5$ billion years. How can geologists know about the earth's field in such distant past?
$(e)$ The earth's field departs from its dipole shape substantially at large distances (greater than about $30,000\; km$). What agencies may be responsible for this distortion?
$(f)$ Interstellar space has an extremely weak magnetic field of the order of $10^{-12}\; T$. Can such a weak field be of any significant consequence? Explain.

At which place does the Earth's magnetism become horizontal?

$A$ compass needle whose magnetic moment is $60 \, A \cdot m^2$ is pointing towards the geographical north at a certain place,where the horizontal component of the Earth's magnetic field is $40 \, \mu Wb/m^2$. It experiences a torque of $1.2 \times 10^{-3} \, N \cdot m$. What is the angle of declination at this place (in $^o$)?

At two different places,the angles of dip are respectively $30^{\circ}$ and $45^{\circ}$. At these two places,the ratio of the horizontal component of Earth's magnetic field is: