The formula of a metal oxide is $M_{0.96} O_1$. The fractions of metal that exist as $M^{3+}$ and $M^{2+}$ ions in that oxide are respectively

In an ionic solid,equal number of cations and anions are missing from their regular positions in the crystal lattice,creating vacancies. This is called-

$A$ metal oxide shows $p-$type semiconductivity. The conductivity of the oxide will increase by:

Explain how vacancies are introduced in an ionic solid when a cation of higher valence is added as an impurity in it.

Zinc oxide (white) is heated to high temperature for some time. Observe the following statements regarding the above process:
$I$. Zinc oxide colour changes to pale yellow
$II$. The type of defect formed is 'metal deficiency'
$III$. Some $Zn^{2+}$ and $e^{-}$ are present in interstitial places
The correct statements are:

Identify the defect that develops when the ratio of number of cations to anions becomes different from that indicated by its chemical formula.