State and explain any three factors affecting allele frequency in populations.

$(i)$ Gene migration or gene flow : It involves either emigration or immigration. When migration of a section of population to another place and population occurs, gene frequencies change in the original as well as in the new population. New genes/alleles are added to the new population and these are lost from the old population. There would be a gene flow if this gene migration happens multiple times.

$(ii)$ Genetic drift : If the same change occurs by chance, it is called genetic drift. Sometimes the change in allele frequency is so different in the new sample of population that they become a different species. The original drifted population becomes founders and the effect is called founder effect.

$(iii)$ Mutation : These are sudden, large, spontaneous and inheritable changes in the genetic material. Microbial experiments show that pre-existing advantageous mutations when selected will result in observation of new phenotypes. Over few generations, this would result in speciation. Natural selection is a process in which heritable variations enabling better survival are enabled to reproduce and leave greater number of progeny. Mutations induces new genes and alleles in the gene pool.