(N/A) In ecosystem dynamics, energy flows from one trophic level to another. Approximately $50 \%$ of incident sunlight on Earth is Photosynthetically Active Radiation $(PAR)$. Plants capture only $2$ to $10 \%$ of this $PAR$ to produce Gross Primary Productivity $(GPP)$.
$GPP$ is the total rate of production of organic matter during photosynthesis. A significant portion of this energy (often up to $90 \%$) is consumed by plants themselves for respiration $(R)$ and other metabolic processes.
Net Primary Productivity $(NPP)$ is the biomass available for consumption by heterotrophs (herbivores and decomposers). It is calculated as $NPP = GPP - R$.
Nature tends to maximize $GPP$ by maintaining complex, stable ecosystems with high biodiversity and biomass, which supports a wide range of life forms. Conversely, human activities (such as agriculture) focus on maximizing $NPP$ by selecting specific crops and minimizing energy loss through respiration, thereby ensuring a higher yield of biomass for human consumption.