How can the analysis of chemical components be done?

(N/A) $\Rightarrow$ To understand the types of organic compounds found in living organisms, one has to perform a chemical analysis.
$\Rightarrow$ Take any living tissue (a vegetable or a piece of liver) and grind it in trichloroacetic acid $(Cl_{3}CCOOH)$ using a mortar and pestle.
$\Rightarrow$ We obtain a thick slurry. It is strained through a cheesecloth or cotton, and we obtain two fractions.
$\Rightarrow$ One is called the filtrate or acid-soluble pool, and the second is the retentate or the acid-insoluble fraction. Thousands of organic compounds are found in the acid-soluble pool.
$\Rightarrow$ For the analysis of chemical composition, the extraction of compounds is performed.
$\Rightarrow$ Then, the extraction is subjected to various separation techniques until one has separated a compound from all other compounds.
$\Rightarrow$ In other words, the isolation and purification of the compound are done.
$\therefore$ Analytical techniques, when applied to the compound, give us an idea of the molecular formula and the probable structure of the compound.
$\Rightarrow$ All the carbon compounds that we get from living tissues can be called biomolecules.
$\Rightarrow$ However, living organisms also contain inorganic elements and compounds. How do we know this?
$\Rightarrow$ A slightly different but destructive experiment has to be done. One weighs a small amount of a living tissue (say a leaf or liver, called wet weight) and dries it. All the water evaporates.
$\Rightarrow$ The remaining material gives the dry weight. Now, if the tissue is fully burnt, all the carbon compounds are oxidized to a gaseous form ($CO_{2}$, water vapour) and are removed.
$\Rightarrow$ What remains is called 'ash'. This ash contains inorganic elements (like calcium, magnesium, etc.). Inorganic compounds like sulphate, phosphate, etc., are also seen in the acid-soluble fraction.
$\Rightarrow$ Therefore, elemental analysis gives the elemental composition of living tissue in the form of hydrogen, oxygen, chlorine, carbon, etc., while analysis for compounds gives an idea of the kind of organic and inorganic constituents present in living tissues.
$\Rightarrow$ From a chemistry point of view, one can identify functional groups like aldehydes, ketones, aromatic compounds, etc. But from a biological point of view, we shall classify them into amino acids, nucleotide bases, fatty acids, etc.
$\Rightarrow$ Table: A List of Representative Inorganic Constituents of Living Tissues:

Component	Formula
Sodium	$Na^{+}$
Potassium	$K^{+}$
Calcium	$Ca^{++}$
Magnesium	$Mg^{++}$
Water	$H_{2}O$
Compounds	$NaCl, CaCO_{3}, PO_{4}^{-3}, SO_{4}^{-2}$