What are the limitations of the first law of thermodynamics?

$A$ heating element of resistance $r$ is fitted inside an adiabatic cylinder which carries a frictionless piston of mass $m$ and cross-sectional area $A$. The cylinder contains one mole of a diatomic gas. The temperature of the gas varies with time $t$ as $T = \alpha t + \frac{1}{2} \beta t^2$ (where $\alpha$ and $\beta$ are constants),while the pressure remains constant. The atmospheric pressure above the piston is $P_0$. Then:

Two cylinders $A$ and $B$ are fitted with pistons and contain equal amounts of a diatomic gas at $300 \ K$. The piston of cylinder $A$ is free to move,while the piston of cylinder $B$ is fixed. If the same amount of heat is supplied to each cylinder,the temperature of gas in $A$ increases by $30 \ K$. What is the increase in the temperature of gas in $B$ (in $K$)?

One mole of an ideal monoatomic gas is heated at a constant pressure of one atmosphere from $0^{\circ}C$ to $100^{\circ}C$. Then the change in the internal energy is

Initial pressure and volume of a gas are $P$ and $V$ respectively. First,its volume is expanded to $4V$ by an isothermal process,and then its volume is reduced to $V$ by an adiabatic process. Find its final pressure if $\gamma = \frac{3}{2}$.

Three processes compose a thermodynamic cycle shown in the $PV$ diagram. Process $1\rightarrow 2$ takes place at constant temperature. Process $2\rightarrow 3$ takes place at constant volume,and process $3\rightarrow 1$ is adiabatic. During the complete cycle,the total amount of work done is $10\,J$. During process $2\rightarrow 3$,the internal energy decreases by $20\,J$ and during process $3\rightarrow 1$,$20\,J$ of work is done on the system. How much heat is added to the system during process $1\rightarrow 2$ (in $,J$)?