Give information about ecological succession.

(N/A) An important characteristic of all communities is that their composition and structure constantly change in response to the changing environmental conditions.
- This change is orderly and sequential,parallel with the changes in the physical environment.
- These changes lead finally to a community that is in near equilibrium with the environment and that is called a climax community.
The gradual and fairly predictable change in the species composition of a given area is called ecological succession.
During succession,some species colonise an area and their populations become more numerous,whereas populations of other species decline and even disappear.
$\Rightarrow$ The entire sequence of communities that successively change in a given area are called sere$(s)$.
- The individual transitional communities are termed seral stages or seral communities.
In the successive seral stages,there is a change in the diversity of species of organisms. This involves an increase in the number of species and organisms as well as an increase in the total biomass.
The present-day communities in the world have come to be because of succession that has occurred over millions of years since life started on Earth. Actually,succession and evolution were parallel processes at that time.
Succession is a process that starts where no living organisms are present; these could be areas where no living organisms ever existed,such as bare rock,or areas that somehow lost all the living organisms that existed there. The former is called primary succession,while the latter is termed secondary succession.
Examples of areas where primary succession occurs are newly cooled lava,bare rocks,or a newly created pond or reservoir.
Before a biotic community of diverse organisms can become established,there must be soil. Depending mostly on the climate,it takes natural processes several hundred to several thousand years to produce fertile soil on bare rock.
Secondary succession begins in areas where natural biotic communities have been destroyed,such as in abandoned farmlands,burned or cut forests,or lands that have been flooded. Since some soil or sediment is present,succession is faster than primary succession.
Description of ecological succession usually focuses on changes in vegetation. However,these vegetational changes in turn affect food and shelter for various types of animals. Thus,as succession proceeds,the numbers and types of animals and decomposers also change.
At any time during primary or secondary succession,natural or human-induced disturbances (like fire) can revert a particular seral stage of succession to an earlier stage. Also,such disturbances create new conditions that encourage some species and discourage or eliminate other species.