$A$ wire $cd$ of length $l$ and mass $m$ is sliding without friction on conducting rails $ax$ and $by$ as shown. The vertical rails are connected to each other with a resistance $R$ between $a$ and $b$. $A$ uniform magnetic field $B$ is applied perpendicular to the plane $abcd$ such that $cd$ moves with a constant velocity $v$. Find the value of $v$.

Consider a thin metallic sheet perpendicular to the plane of the paper moving with speed $v$ in a uniform magnetic field $B$ directed into the plane of the paper (See figure). If charge densities $\sigma_1$ and $\sigma_2$ are induced on the left and right surfaces,respectively,of the sheet,then (ignore fringe effects):

$A$ straight conductor of length $4 \,m$ moves at a speed of $10 \,m/s$. When the conductor makes an angle of $30^{\circ}$ with the direction of a magnetic field of induction $0.1 \,Wb/m^2$, the induced emf is: (in $\,V$)

$A$ metallic rod of length $1 \,m$ held along the east-west direction is allowed to fall down freely. Given the horizontal component of the Earth's magnetic field $B_H = 3 \times 10^{-5} \,T$. The emf induced in the rod at an instant $t = 2 \,s$ after it is released is (Take $g = 10 \,m/s^2$):

The figure shows a square loop $L$ of side $5\, cm$ which is connected to a network of resistances. The whole setup is moving towards the right with a constant speed of $1\, cm/s$. At some instant,a part of $L$ is in a uniform magnetic field of $1\, T$,perpendicular to the plane of the loop. If the resistance of $L$ is $1.7\, \Omega$,the current in the loop at that instant will be close to.....$\mu A$.

The figure shows a metal rod $PQ$ resting on the smooth rails $AB$ and positioned between the poles of a permanent magnet. The rails,the rod,and the magnetic field are in three mutually perpendicular directions. $A$ galvanometer $G$ connects the rails through a switch $K$. Length of the rod $= 15 \; cm$,$B = 0.50 \; T$,resistance of the closed loop containing the rod $= 9.0 \; m\Omega$. Assume the field to be uniform.
$(a)$ Suppose $K$ is open and the rod is moved with a speed of $12 \; cm \; s^{-1}$ in the direction shown. Give the polarity and magnitude of the induced $emf$.
$(b)$ Is there an excess charge built up at the ends of the rod when $K$ is open? What if $K$ is closed?
$(c)$ With $K$ open and the rod moving uniformly,there is no net force on the electrons in the rod $PQ$ even though they do experience magnetic force due to the motion of the rod. Explain.
$(d)$ What is the retarding force on the rod when $K$ is closed?
$(e)$ How much power is required (by an external agent) to keep the rod moving at the same speed $(= 12 \; cm \; s^{-1})$ when $K$ is closed? How much power is required when $K$ is open?
$(f)$ How much power is dissipated as heat in the closed circuit? What is the source of this power?
$(g)$ What is the induced $emf$ in the moving rod if the magnetic field is parallel to the rails instead of being perpendicular?