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(C) According to the Doppler effect,when a source of sound moves with a constant velocity $V_s$ towards a stationary observer,the observed frequency $

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(C) According to the Doppler effect,when a source of sound moves with a constant velocity $V_s$ towards a stationary observer,the observed frequency $n'$ is given by $n' = n \left[ \frac{V}{V - V_s} \right]$,where $V$ is the speed of sound and $n$ is the source frequency. Since $V$,$V_s$,and $n$ are constant,the observed frequency $n'$ remains constant while the train is approaching.When the train passes the observer and moves away,the source is receding. The observed frequency $n'$ is then given by $n' = n \left[ \frac{V}{V + V_s} \right]$. This value is also constant but lower than the frequency heard while approaching.Therefore,the frequency $n'$ remains constant at a higher value while approaching and drops to a lower constant value after passing the observer. This corresponds to a step-like change in frequency,which is represented by curve $C$.

$A$ train whistling at a constant frequency is moving towards a station at a constant speed $V_s$. The train goes past a stationary observer on the station. The frequency $n'$ of the sound as heard by the observer is plotted as a function of time $t$. Identify the expected curve.

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