The half-life of radium is $1600 \, \text{years}$. The fraction of the radium sample that will remain after $6400 \, \text{years}$ is:

The percentage of ${}^{235}U$ presently on Earth is $0.72\%$ and the rest $(99.28\%)$ may be taken to be ${}^{238}U$. Assume that all uranium on Earth was produced in a supernova explosion long ago with the initial ratio ${}^{235}U / {}^{238}U = 2.0$. How long ago did the supernova event occur? (Take the half-lives of ${}^{235}U$ and ${}^{238}U$ to be $7.1 \times 10^8$ years and $4.5 \times 10^9$ years respectively).

$A$ radioisotope $X$ with a half-life of $1.4 \times 10^{9} \text{ years}$ decays into $Y$,which is stable. $A$ sample of rock from a cave was found to contain $X$ and $Y$ in the ratio $1:7$. The age of the rock is ........ $\times 10^{9} \text{ years}$.

Consider an initially pure $M \text{ g}$ sample of an isotope $X$ with mass number $A$,which has a half-life of $T \text{ hours}$. What is its initial decay rate? ($N_A$ = Avogadro number)

$90\%$ of a radioactive sample is left undecayed after time $t$ has elapsed. What percentage of the initial sample will decay in a total time $2t$ : ..............$\%$

The mean lives of a radioactive sample are $30$ years and $60$ years for $\alpha$-emission and $\beta$-emission respectively. If the sample decays by both $\alpha$-emission and $\beta$-emission simultaneously,the time after which only one-fourth of the sample remains is: