Diseases caused by bacteria Questions in English

(B) Tetanus is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium $Clostridium \ tetani$.
This bacterium produces a potent neurotoxin called tetanospasmin,which affects the nervous system and leads to painful muscle contractions,particularly in the jaw and neck muscles.
Therefore,the correct option is $B$.

(A) Cholera is caused by the bacterium $Vibrio$ $\text{cholerae}$.
Leprosy is caused by the bacterium $Mycobacterium$ $\text{leprae}$.
Diphtheria is caused by the bacterium $Corynebacterium$ $\text{diphtheriae}$.
Since all three diseases are caused by bacterial pathogens, they are classified as bacterial diseases.

(B) The correct matches are as follows:
$(A)$ Treponema pallidum causes Syphilis $(A-3)$.
$(B)$ Yersinia pestis causes Plague $(B-1)$.
$(C)$ Bacillus anthracis causes Anthrax $(C-2)$.
$(D)$ Vibrio cholerae causes Cholera $(D-4)$.
Therefore,the correct sequence is $A-3, B-1, C-2, D-4$.

(A) Shigellosis is an infectious disease caused by a group of bacteria called $Shigella$.
It primarily affects the intestines,leading to inflammatory diarrhoea.
The characteristic symptoms include frequent passage of stools containing blood and mucus,often accompanied by fever and stomach cramps.
Therefore,the correct option is $A$.

(B) Bacillary dysentery is an infectious disease caused by bacteria of the genus $Shigella$.
These bacteria infect the lining of the large intestine, leading to inflammation and symptoms such as diarrhea, fever, and stomach cramps.
$Salmonella$ is typically associated with typhoid fever, $Proteus$ is often a urinary tract pathogen, and $Entamoeba$ (specifically $Entamoeba$ $\text{histolytica}$) causes amoebic dysentery, which is a protozoan infection, not a bacterial one.

(A) The $Dick$ test is a diagnostic test used to determine susceptibility to scarlet fever,caused by the bacterium $Streptococcus$ $pyogenes$.
In this test,a small amount of erythrogenic toxin is injected intradermally.
If the person is susceptible,a red spot appears at the site of injection,confirming the presence of the condition or susceptibility to it.

(D) Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic produced by the bacterium $Streptomyces$ $griseus$. It is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that is effective against a wide range of bacteria, including both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. It works by inhibiting protein synthesis in the bacterial cells by binding to the $30S$ ribosomal subunit.

(C) Typhoid fever is a bacterial infection caused by the pathogen $Salmonella \ typhi$.
It is primarily transmitted through the ingestion of contaminated food and water.
The bacteria enter the small intestine and migrate to other organs through the blood.
Common symptoms include high fever,weakness,stomach pain,constipation,headache,and loss of appetite.

(A) Typhoid is caused by the bacterium $Salmonella \text{ } typhi$.
Tetanus is caused by the bacterium $Clostridium \text{ } tetani$.
Both of these diseases are bacterial infections.
Therefore, the correct option is $A$.

(A) Salmonella typhi is the pathogenic bacterium that causes typhoid fever in humans.
It is transmitted through the ingestion of contaminated food and water.
Symptoms include high fever, weakness, stomach pain, constipation, headache, and loss of appetite.

(B) Tetanus is caused by the bacterium $Clostridium$ $tetani$.
Its toxin, tetanospasmin, acts on the central nervous system by blocking the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters (like glycine and $GABA$).
This leads to uncontrolled muscle contractions and spasms, primarily affecting the voluntary muscles of the body, causing symptoms like lockjaw and muscle stiffness.

(C) $DOTS$ stands for $\text{Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course}$.
It is the internationally recommended strategy for tuberculosis $(TB)$ control, recognized by the World Health Organization $(WHO)$.
Under this regimen, a health worker or other designated individual watches the patient swallow their medication to ensure adherence to the treatment protocol.

(C) $Haemophilus$ $influenzae$ is a bacterium that is one of the primary causative agents of pneumonia in humans.
It infects the alveoli (air-filled sacs) of the lungs.
As a result of the infection,the alveoli get filled with fluid leading to severe problems in respiration.
Typhoid is caused by $Salmonella$ $typhi$,Plague by $Yersinia$ $pestis$,and Influenza is caused by the Influenza virus.

(C) $1$. Measles is caused by the Measles virus.
$2$. Mumps is caused by the Mumps virus.
$3$. Influenza is caused by the Influenza virus.
$4$. Whooping cough (Pertussis) is a bacterial disease caused by the bacterium $Bordetella \ pertussis$.
Therefore,Whooping cough is not a viral disease.

(A) The $BCG$ ($Bacillus$ $Calmette-Guérin$) vaccine is primarily used to prevent tuberculosis $(TB)$.
It is a vaccine containing a live attenuated strain of $Mycobacterium$ $bovis$.
It is administered to provide immunity against the $Mycobacterium$ $tuberculosis$ bacteria,which causes tuberculosis.

(A) $Salmonella$ $typhi$ is a pathogenic bacterium which causes typhoid fever in human beings.
It is transmitted through the ingestion of contaminated food and water.
Symptoms include high fever,weakness,stomach pain,constipation,headache,and loss of appetite.

(A) The Widal test is a serological test used for the diagnosis of $Typhoid$ fever,which is caused by the bacterium $Salmonella$ $typhi$.
It detects the presence of antibodies against the $O$ (somatic) and $H$ (flagellar) antigens of $Salmonella$ $typhi$ in the patient's serum.
'Typhoid Mary' is a historical nickname given to Mary Mallon,a chronic carrier of the typhoid bacterium,not a disease itself.
Therefore,the test is specifically used to diagnose the disease $Typhoid$.

(B) The plague is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium $Yersinia$ $pestis$.
It is primarily transmitted to humans through the bite of infected fleas that live on small rodents.
$Diplococcus$ $pneumoniae$ causes pneumonia, and $Corynebacterium$ $diphtheriae$ causes diphtheria.
Therefore, the correct option is $B$.

(C) $Diphtheria$ is a serious bacterial infection caused by $Corynebacterium$ $diphtheriae$.
It primarily affects the mucous membranes of the throat and nose.
$A$ characteristic symptom of $Diphtheria$ is the formation of a thick,gray-colored membrane covering the throat and tonsils,which can lead to severe breathing difficulties and suffocation.

(D) Diphtheria is a serious bacterial infection caused by the bacterium $Corynebacterium$ $diphtheriae$.
It primarily affects the mucous membranes of the throat and nose.
Since it is caused by a bacterium,the correct option is $D$.

(C) The plague is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium $Yersinia \ pestis$.
It is primarily transmitted to humans through the bite of infected fleas that live on small rodents.
$Salmonella \ typhimurium$ causes typhoid fever,$Trichinella \ spiralis$ causes trichinosis,and $Leishmania \ donovani$ causes leishmaniasis (kala-azar).

(B) An infectious disease is caused by pathogenic microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, parasites, or fungi, that can spread, directly or indirectly, from one person to another.
$1$. $Diphtheria$ is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium $Corynebacterium$ $diphtheriae$.
$2$. $Coronary$ $thrombosis$, $Diabetes$ $mellitus$, and $Hypertension$ are non-infectious or lifestyle-related diseases that cannot be transmitted from one person to another.
Therefore, the correct option is $B$.

(C) The Widal test is a serological test used for the diagnosis of $Typhoid$ fever,which is caused by the bacterium $Salmonella$ $typhi$.
It detects the presence of antibodies against the $O$ (somatic) and $H$ (flagellar) antigens of the bacteria in the patient's serum.
Therefore,the correct option is $C$.

(B) Pneumonia in humans is caused by bacteria such as $Streptococcus \text{ } pneumoniae$ and $Haemophilus \text{ } influenzae$.
These pathogens infect the alveoli (air-filled sacs) of the lungs.
As a result of the infection, the alveoli get filled with fluid, leading to severe problems in respiration.

(C) Tetanus is caused by the bacterium $Clostridium$ $tetani$.
While the primary treatment involves the administration of Tetanus Antitoxin $(TAT)$ or Tetanus Immunoglobulin $(TIG)$ to neutralize the toxin, antibiotics are used to eliminate the bacteria and prevent further toxin production.
$Penicillin$ is the antibiotic of choice for treating tetanus infections, as it is highly effective against $Clostridium$ $tetani$.

(C) Tetanus is a serious bacterial infection caused by $Clostridium \ tetani$.
It is commonly known as $Lockjaw$ because the infection often causes muscle spasms in the jaw,making it difficult to open the mouth.
Gangrene is tissue death due to lack of blood supply,Shingles is caused by the varicella-zoster virus,and Whooping cough is caused by $Bordetella \ pertussis$.

(C) Typhoid fever is a systemic infection caused by the bacterium $Salmonella \ typhi$.
It is transmitted through the ingestion of contaminated food or water.
The pathogen migrates to the small intestine and enters the bloodstream,leading to high fever,weakness,stomach pain,headache,and loss of appetite.
Therefore,the correct option is $C$.

(C) Tuberculosis $(TB)$ is a chronic infectious disease caused by the bacterium $Mycobacterium$ $\text{tuberculosis}$.
It primarily affects the lungs, although it can also affect other parts of the body.
$Salmonella$ is associated with typhoid fever, $Streptococcus$ is associated with pneumonia or sore throat, and $Pneumococcus$ is a common cause of bacterial pneumonia.

(B) Diphtheria is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium $Corynebacterium$ $\text{diphtheriae}$.
It primarily affects the mucous membranes of the throat and nose.
In the throat, it forms a thick, grey coating that can lead to breathing difficulties and swallowing issues.
Therefore, it is primarily associated with the throat.

(A) Trachoma is a chronic infectious disease of the eye caused by the bacterium $Chlamydia \ trachomatis$. It is a leading cause of infectious blindness worldwide. The infection causes inflammation of the inner surface of the eyelids,which can lead to scarring and eventually blindness if left untreated.

(B) Typhoid fever is caused by the bacterium $Salmonella$ $typhi$.
It is primarily transmitted through contaminated food and water.
The bacteria migrate to the small intestine, where they cause lesions in the intestinal wall.
Common symptoms include sustained high fever ($39^{\circ}C$ to $40^{\circ}C$), weakness, stomach pain, constipation, headache, and loss of appetite.
It is most commonly observed in children and young adults, not the elderly.
The incubation period typically ranges from $1$ to $3$ weeks, with an average of $2$ weeks.
Therefore, the statement that typhoid is commonly observed in the elderly is incorrect.

(C) Typhoid fever is caused by the pathogenic bacterium $Salmonella \text{ } typhi$.
This pathogen enters the small intestine through food and water contaminated with them and migrates to other organs through the blood.
Sustained high fever ($39^\circ C$ to $40^\circ C$), weakness, stomach pain, constipation, headache, and loss of appetite are common symptoms of this disease.
In severe cases, intestinal perforation and death may occur.
Clinically, the infection primarily affects the small intestine, but it also causes enlargement of the liver and spleen (hepatosplenomegaly).

(B) $Salmonella$ $typhi$ is the pathogenic bacterium responsible for typhoid fever in humans.
The incubation period,which is the time between the entry of the pathogen into the body and the appearance of the first symptoms,typically ranges from $1$ to $3$ weeks.
Therefore,the correct option is $B$.

(B) Typhoid fever is caused by the bacterium $Salmonella \text{ } typhi$.
Common symptoms of typhoid include high fever, weakness, stomach pain, constipation, headache, and loss of appetite.
In severe cases, the infection can lead to the enlargement of the liver and spleen (hepatosplenomegaly), and intestinal perforation may occur.

(C) Haemophilus influenzae is a pathogenic bacterium that infects the alveoli (air-filled sacs) of the lungs.
This infection leads to the accumulation of fluid in the alveoli,which results in severe problems in respiration.
This condition is clinically known as pneumonia.
Therefore,the correct option is $C$.

(D) $Streptococcus \text{ } pneumoniae$ is a species of bacteria that belongs to the genus $Streptococcus$.
It is the primary causative agent of bacterial pneumonia in humans.
Therefore, it is a type of $Streptococcus$ bacteria.

(B) Typhoid fever is caused by the pathogenic bacterium $Salmonella$ $typhi$.
It is transmitted through contaminated food and water.
The Widal test is a serological test used to detect the presence of antibodies against $Salmonella$ $typhi$ antigens in the patient's serum,which confirms the diagnosis of typhoid fever.

(A) Pneumonia is a respiratory infection caused by bacteria like $Streptococcus \text{ } pneumoniae$ and $Haemophilus \text{ } influenzae$. While it can affect individuals of any age, it is clinically observed to be more common and severe in children and the elderly due to their relatively weaker immune systems. Among the given options, children are the most frequently affected group in a general clinical context.

(D) Typhoid fever is caused by the pathogenic bacterium $Salmonella$ $typhi$.
These bacteria enter the small intestine through food and water contaminated with them and migrate to other organs through the blood.
In the diseased condition,$Salmonella$ $typhi$ bacteria primarily infect and colonize the small intestine,leading to symptoms like high fever,weakness,stomach pain,constipation,headache,and loss of appetite.
Severe cases can lead to intestinal perforation and death.

(C) The symptoms described,specifically the pattern of high fever that persists for weeks and then gradually declines,are characteristic of $Typhoid$ fever.
$Typhoid$ fever is caused by the bacterium $Salmonella$ $typhi$.
In this disease,the fever typically follows a 'step-ladder' pattern,where it rises gradually in the first week and may remain high in the second week before slowly subsiding in the third and fourth weeks if untreated or during recovery.
Other symptoms include weakness,stomach pain,constipation,headache,and loss of appetite.

(C) $Salmonella$ $typhi$ is a pathogenic bacterium that causes typhoid fever in humans.
It belongs to the genus $Salmonella$,which consists of Gram-negative,non-spore-forming,facultative anaerobic bacilli.
Bacilli are characterized by their rod-shaped morphology.
Therefore,$Salmonella$ $typhi$ has a rod-shaped structure.

(B) Typhoid fever is caused by the bacterium $Salmonella$ $typhi$. It is a water-borne disease that spreads through contaminated food and water. Epidemiological studies indicate that typhoid fever is most common in the age group of $1$ to $15$ years. Therefore,the correct option is $B$.

(B) Typhoid fever is a bacterial infection caused by the pathogen $Salmonella$ $typhi$. According to the $NCERT$ textbook,it is estimated that approximately $2.5$ million people suffer from typhoid fever every year worldwide. Therefore,the correct option is $B$.

(A) The pathogen $Salmonella$ $typhi$ is a bacterium that causes typhoid fever in humans.
Bacteria are classified based on their shape,and $Salmonella$ $typhi$ is a rod-shaped bacterium,which is referred to as a $Bacillus$ form.
$Plasmodium$ $vivax$ is a protozoan,Filarial worms are helminths,and $Microsporum$ is a fungus,none of which are classified as $Bacillus$ bacteria.

(A) Typhoid fever is caused by the pathogenic bacterium $Salmonella$ $typhi$.
This pathogen generally enters the small intestine through food and water contaminated with them and migrates to other organs through the blood.
Therefore,it is classified as a water-borne or food-borne disease,which is transmitted through the fecal-oral route.

(A) Typhoid fever is a bacterial infection caused by the pathogen $Salmonella \ typhi$.
It is transmitted through the ingestion of contaminated food and water.
Common symptoms include high fever,weakness,stomach pain,headache,and loss of appetite.

(D) Typhoid fever is caused by the pathogenic bacterium $Salmonella$ $typhi$.
It is transmitted through the ingestion of contaminated food and water.
Common symptoms include high fever, weakness, stomach pain, constipation, headache, and loss of appetite.
Therefore, it is classified as a bacterial disease.

(C) Pneumonia is a serious respiratory disease caused by bacteria such as $Streptococcus \text{ } pneumoniae$ and $Haemophilus \text{ } influenzae$.
It infects the alveoli (air-filled sacs) of the lungs.
As a result of the infection, the alveoli get filled with fluid leading to severe problems in respiration.
Common cold affects the nose and respiratory passage but not the lungs.
Malaria is caused by $Plasmodium$ and affects the liver and red blood cells.
Typhoid is caused by $Salmonella \text{ } typhi$ and primarily affects the small intestine.

(B) In $Pneumonia$,the alveoli (air sacs) of the lungs become filled with fluid. This fluid is rich in proteins and other nutrients,which provides an ideal environment for the growth and multiplication of pathogenic bacteria such as $Streptococcus$ $pneumoniae$ and $Haemophilus$ $influenzae$. Therefore,this protein-rich fluid acts as a culture medium for the bacteria.

(C) Pneumonia is a respiratory disease caused by bacteria such as $Streptococcus \text{ } pneumoniae$ and $Haemophilus \text{ } influenzae$.
These pathogens infect the alveoli (air-filled sacs) of the lungs.
As a result of the infection, the alveoli get filled with fluid, leading to severe problems in respiration.
Therefore, the lungs are the primary organs affected by pneumonia.