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Partial fractions Questions in English

Class 11 Mathematics · Basic of Logarithms · Partial fractions

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51
DifficultMCQ
The partial fraction of $\frac{x^2 - 5}{x^2 - 3x + 2}$ is:
A
$1 + \frac{4}{x - 1} - \frac{1}{x - 2}$
B
$1 + \frac{1}{x - 1} - \frac{4}{x - 2}$
C
$1 - \frac{4}{x - 1} + \frac{1}{x - 2}$
D
$1 - \frac{1}{x - 1} + \frac{4}{x - 2}$

Solution

(A) Given expression is $f(x) = \frac{x^2 - 5}{x^2 - 3x + 2}$.
Since the degree of the numerator is equal to the degree of the denominator,we perform long division:
$x^2 - 5 = 1(x^2 - 3x + 2) + (3x - 7)$.
So,$f(x) = 1 + \frac{3x - 7}{(x - 1)(x - 2)}$.
Now,decompose $\frac{3x - 7}{(x - 1)(x - 2)}$ into partial fractions:
$\frac{3x - 7}{(x - 1)(x - 2)} = \frac{A}{x - 1} + \frac{B}{x - 2}$.
$3x - 7 = A(x - 2) + B(x - 1)$.
For $x = 1$: $3(1) - 7 = A(1 - 2)$ $\Rightarrow -4 = -A$ $\Rightarrow A = 4$.
For $x = 2$: $3(2) - 7 = B(2 - 1)$ $\Rightarrow -1 = B$ $\Rightarrow B = -1$.
Therefore,$f(x) = 1 + \frac{4}{x - 1} - \frac{1}{x - 2}$.
52
DifficultMCQ
If $\frac{x^3}{(2x - 1)(x + 2)(x - 3)} = p + \frac{q}{2x - 1} + \frac{r}{x + 2} + \frac{s}{x - 3}$,then:
A
$p = 1$
B
$p = 2$
C
$p = \frac{1}{2}$
D
$6q - 3r + 2s = 3$
53
DifficultMCQ
What is the coefficient of $x^4$ in the expansion of $\frac{3x}{(x - 2)(x + 1)}$?
A
$-\frac{15}{16}$
B
$\frac{15}{16}$
C
$-\frac{16}{15}$
D
$\frac{16}{15}$

Solution

(B) First,we express the given fraction using partial fractions:
$\frac{3x}{(x - 2)(x + 1)} = \frac{A}{x - 2} + \frac{B}{x + 1}$
$3x = A(x + 1) + B(x - 2)$
For $x = 2$,$6 = 3A \implies A = 2$.
For $x = -1$,$-3 = -3B \implies B = 1$.
So,$\frac{3x}{(x - 2)(x + 1)} = \frac{2}{x - 2} + \frac{1}{x + 1} = \frac{2}{-2(1 - x/2)} + \frac{1}{1 + x} = -(1 - x/2)^{-1} + (1 + x)^{-1}$.
Using the binomial expansion $(1 - z)^{-1} = 1 + z + z^2 + z^3 + z^4 + \dots$ and $(1 + z)^{-1} = 1 - z + z^2 - z^3 + z^4 - \dots$:
The expression becomes $-(1 + \frac{x}{2} + \frac{x^2}{4} + \frac{x^3}{8} + \frac{x^4}{16} + \dots) + (1 - x + x^2 - x^3 + x^4 - \dots)$.
The coefficient of $x^4$ is $-\frac{1}{16} + 1 = \frac{15}{16}$.
54
DifficultMCQ
The coefficient of $x^5$ in the expansion of $\frac{x^2 + 1}{(x^2 + 4)(x - 2)}$ is:
A
$\frac{1}{256}$
B
$\frac{1}{562}$
C
$\frac{1}{265}$
D
$-\frac{1}{256}$

Solution

(D) Let $f(x) = \frac{x^2 + 1}{(x^2 + 4)(x - 2)}$.
Using partial fractions,we write $\frac{x^2 + 1}{(x^2 + 4)(x - 2)} = \frac{Ax + B}{x^2 + 4} + \frac{C}{x - 2}$.
$x^2 + 1 = (Ax + B)(x - 2) + C(x^2 + 4)$.
For $x = 2$: $2^2 + 1 = C(2^2 + 4) \implies 5 = 8C \implies C = \frac{5}{8}$.
Comparing coefficients of $x^2$: $1 = A + C \implies A = 1 - \frac{5}{8} = \frac{3}{8}$.
Comparing constants: $1 = -2B + 4C \implies 1 = -2B + 4(\frac{5}{8}) \implies 1 = -2B + \frac{5}{2} \implies 2B = \frac{3}{2} \implies B = \frac{3}{4}$.
So,$f(x) = \frac{3x/8 + 3/4}{x^2 + 4} + \frac{5/8}{x - 2} = \frac{3}{8} \cdot \frac{x + 2}{x^2 + 4} - \frac{5}{16} \cdot \frac{1}{1 - x/2}$.
Using the expansion $\frac{1}{1 - r} = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} r^n$,we have $-\frac{5}{16} \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} (\frac{x}{2})^n = -\frac{5}{16} \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{x^n}{2^n}$.
The coefficient of $x^5$ from this part is $-\frac{5}{16} \cdot \frac{1}{2^5} = -\frac{5}{512}$.
For $\frac{3}{8} \cdot \frac{x + 2}{4(1 + x^2/4)} = \frac{3}{32} (x + 2) \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} (-1)^n (\frac{x^2}{4})^n = \frac{3}{32} (x + 2) \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} (-1)^n \frac{x^{2n}}{4^n}$.
The $x^5$ term comes from $2 \cdot \frac{3}{32} \cdot (-1)^2 \frac{x^4}{4^2}$ (no $x^5$ here) and $x \cdot \frac{3}{32} \cdot (-1)^2 \frac{x^4}{4^2} = \frac{3}{32} \cdot \frac{x^5}{16} = \frac{3}{512} x^5$.
Total coefficient = $\frac{3}{512} - \frac{5}{512} = -\frac{2}{512} = -\frac{1}{256}$.
55
DifficultMCQ
The coefficient of $x^n$ in the expansion of $\frac{x - 4}{x^2 - 5x + 6}$ in ascending powers of $x$ is:
A
$\frac{-1}{2^n} - \frac{1}{3^{n+1}}$
B
$\frac{1}{2^n} - \frac{1}{3^{n-1}}$
C
$\frac{-1}{2^n} + \frac{1}{3^{n+1}}$
D
$\frac{-1}{2^n} + \frac{1}{3^{n-1}}$

Solution

(C) First,we resolve the expression into partial fractions:
$\frac{x - 4}{x^2 - 5x + 6} = \frac{x - 4}{(x - 2)(x - 3)}$.
Let $\frac{x - 4}{(x - 2)(x - 3)} = \frac{A}{x - 2} + \frac{B}{x - 3}$.
$x - 4 = A(x - 3) + B(x - 2)$.
For $x = 2$,$2 - 4 = A(2 - 3) \implies -2 = -A \implies A = 2$.
For $x = 3$,$3 - 4 = B(3 - 2) \implies -1 = B \implies B = -1$.
So,$\frac{x - 4}{x^2 - 5x + 6} = \frac{2}{x - 2} - \frac{1}{x - 3} = \frac{2}{-(2 - x)} - \frac{1}{-(3 - x)} = -\frac{2}{2(1 - x/2)} + \frac{1}{3(1 - x/3)} = -\frac{1}{1 - x/2} + \frac{1}{3(1 - x/3)}$.
Using the expansion $(1 - y)^{-1} = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} y^n$,we get:
$-\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} (\frac{x}{2})^n + \frac{1}{3} \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} (\frac{x}{3})^n = -\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{x^n}{2^n} + \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{x^n}{3^{n+1}}$.
The coefficient of $x^n$ is $-\frac{1}{2^n} + \frac{1}{3^{n+1}}$.
56
DifficultMCQ
For $a > 0$,let $\frac{1}{a(a+1)(a+2) \ldots(a+20)}=\sum_{k=0}^{20} \frac{A_{k}}{a+k}$. Then the value of $100\left(\frac{A_{14}+A_{15}}{A_{13}}\right)^{2}$ is equal to $....$
A
$9$
B
$27$
C
$3$
D
$81$

Solution

(A) Using partial fraction decomposition,we have $A_k = \lim_{a \to -k} \frac{a+k}{a(a+1)\ldots(a+20)}$.
$A_k = \frac{1}{(-k)(-k+1)\ldots(-1)(1)(2)\ldots(20-k)} = \frac{1}{(-1)^k k! (20-k)!}$.
Thus,$A_k = \frac{(-1)^k}{k!(20-k)!}$.
We need to calculate $\frac{A_{14}+A_{15}}{A_{13}}$.
$A_{14} = \frac{(-1)^{14}}{14!6!} = \frac{1}{14!6!}$.
$A_{15} = \frac{(-1)^{15}}{15!5!} = -\frac{1}{15!5!}$.
$A_{13} = \frac{(-1)^{13}}{13!7!} = -\frac{1}{13!7!}$.
$\frac{A_{14}}{A_{13}} = \frac{1}{14!6!} \times (-13!7!) = -\frac{7}{14} = -\frac{1}{2}$.
$\frac{A_{15}}{A_{13}} = -\frac{1}{15!5!} \times (-13!7!) = \frac{7 \times 6}{15 \times 14} = \frac{42}{210} = \frac{1}{5}$.
Therefore,$100\left(\frac{A_{14}}{A_{13}} + \frac{A_{15}}{A_{13}}\right)^2 = 100\left(-\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{5}\right)^2 = 100\left(-\frac{3}{10}\right)^2 = 100 \times \frac{9}{100} = 9$.
57
AdvancedMCQ
The coefficient of $x^{2012}$ in $\frac{1+x}{(1+x^2)(1-x)}$ is
A
$1$
B
$2011$
C
$2012$
D
$2013$

Solution

(A) Let $f(x) = \frac{1+x}{(1+x^2)(1-x)}$.
Using partial fractions,we write $\frac{1+x}{(1+x^2)(1-x)} = \frac{Ax+B}{1+x^2} + \frac{C}{1-x}$.
$1+x = (Ax+B)(1-x) + C(1+x^2) = Ax - Ax^2 + B - Bx + C + Cx^2$.
Comparing coefficients:
$x^2: -A + C = 0 \implies A = C$.
$x^1: A - B = 1$.
$x^0: B + C = 1$.
Substituting $A=C$ into $A-B=1$ gives $C-B=1$. Adding $B+C=1$ gives $2C=2$,so $C=1$ and $A=1$. Then $B=0$.
Thus,$f(x) = \frac{x}{1+x^2} + \frac{1}{1-x} = x(1+x^2)^{-1} + (1-x)^{-1}$.
Using the binomial expansion $(1+z)^{-1} = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} (-1)^n z^n$ and $(1-z)^{-1} = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} z^n$:
$f(x) = x \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} (-1)^n x^{2n} + \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} x^n = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} (-1)^n x^{2n+1} + \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} x^n$.
We want the coefficient of $x^{2012}$.
The first sum only contains odd powers of $x$,so the coefficient of $x^{2012}$ is $0$.
The second sum is $\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} x^n$,so the coefficient of $x^{2012}$ is $1$.
Total coefficient $= 0 + 1 = 1$.
58
EasyMCQ
If $\frac{1}{(3-5 x)(2+3 x)}=\frac{A}{3-5 x}+\frac{B}{2+3 x}$,then $A : B$ is
A
$2: 3$
B
$5: 3$
C
$3: 5$
D
$3: 2$

Solution

(B) Given,$\frac{1}{(3-5 x)(2+3 x)}=\frac{A}{3-5 x}+\frac{B}{2+3 x}$
Multiplying both sides by $(3-5 x)(2+3 x)$,we get:
$1 = A(2+3 x) + B(3-5 x)$
$1 = (2A + 3B) + x(3A - 5B)$
Comparing the coefficients of $x$ and the constant terms on both sides:
$3A - 5B = 0 \implies 3A = 5B \implies A = \frac{5}{3}B$
$2A + 3B = 1$
Substituting $A = \frac{5}{3}B$ into the second equation:
$2(\frac{5}{3}B) + 3B = 1$
$\frac{10}{3}B + 3B = 1$
$\frac{10B + 9B}{3} = 1$
$19B = 3 \implies B = \frac{3}{19}$
Now,$A = \frac{5}{3} \times \frac{3}{19} = \frac{5}{19}$
Therefore,$A : B = \frac{5}{19} : \frac{3}{19} = 5 : 3$
59
DifficultMCQ
$\frac{3 x^{2}+1}{x^{2}-6 x+8}$ is equal to
A
$3+\frac{49}{2(x-4)}-\frac{13}{2(x-2)}$
B
$\frac{49}{2(x-4)}-\frac{13}{2(x-2)}$
C
$\frac{-49}{2(x-4)}+\frac{13}{2(x-2)}$
D
$\frac{49}{2(x-4)}+\frac{13}{2(x-2)}$

Solution

(A) Given expression: $\frac{3 x^{2}+1}{x^{2}-6 x+8}$.
Since the degree of the numerator is equal to the degree of the denominator,we perform long division:
$\frac{3 x^{2}+1}{x^{2}-6 x+8} = 3 + \frac{18 x - 23}{x^{2}-6 x+8}$.
Now,we decompose the remainder using partial fractions:
$\frac{18 x - 23}{(x-2)(x-4)} = \frac{A}{x-2} + \frac{B}{x-4}$.
$18 x - 23 = A(x-4) + B(x-2)$.
Setting $x=2$: $18(2) - 23 = A(2-4) \Rightarrow 36 - 23 = -2A \Rightarrow 13 = -2A \Rightarrow A = -\frac{13}{2}$.
Setting $x=4$: $18(4) - 23 = B(4-2) \Rightarrow 72 - 23 = 2B \Rightarrow 49 = 2B \Rightarrow B = \frac{49}{2}$.
Substituting these values back into the expression:
$\frac{3 x^{2}+1}{x^{2}-6 x+8} = 3 - \frac{13}{2(x-2)} + \frac{49}{2(x-4)}$.
This matches option $A$.
60
MediumMCQ
If $\frac{x+1}{(x-1)^2(x^2+1)}=\frac{A}{x-1}+\frac{B}{(x-1)^2}+\frac{Cx+D}{x^2+1}$,then $\sqrt{3A^2+4D^2+5C^2+B^2}=$
A
$\frac{3}{2}$
B
$\frac{1}{2}$
C
$1$
D
$2$

Solution

(NONE) Given $\frac{x+1}{(x-1)^2(x^2+1)} = \frac{A}{x-1} + \frac{B}{(x-1)^2} + \frac{Cx+D}{x^2+1}$.
Multiplying both sides by $(x-1)^2(x^2+1)$,we get $x+1 = A(x-1)(x^2+1) + B(x^2+1) + (Cx+D)(x-1)^2$.
For $x=1$,$1+1 = B(1^2+1) \implies 2 = 2B \implies B=1$.
Comparing coefficients of $x^3$: $0 = A+C \implies C = -A$.
Comparing coefficients of $x^0$: $1 = -A + B + D \implies 1 = -A + 1 + D \implies D = A$.
Comparing coefficients of $x^2$: $0 = -A + B + C - 2D \implies 0 = -A + 1 - A - 2A \implies 4A = 1 \implies A = \frac{1}{4}$.
Thus,$A = \frac{1}{4}$,$B = 1$,$C = -\frac{1}{4}$,$D = \frac{1}{4}$.
Now,$\sqrt{3A^2+4D^2+5C^2+B^2} = \sqrt{3(\frac{1}{16}) + 4(\frac{1}{16}) + 5(\frac{1}{16}) + 1} = \sqrt{\frac{3+4+5}{16} + 1} = \sqrt{\frac{12}{16} + 1} = \sqrt{\frac{3}{4} + 1} = \sqrt{\frac{7}{4}} = \frac{\sqrt{7}}{2}$.
61
MediumMCQ
If $\frac{ax+5}{(x^2+b)(x+3)}=\frac{x+21}{12(x^2+b)}+\frac{c}{12(x+3)}$,then $b^2=$
A
$16$
B
$25$
C
$36$
D
$49$

Solution

(D) Given the equation: $\frac{ax+5}{(x^2+b)(x+3)}=\frac{12(x+21)+c(x^2+b)}{12(x^2+b)(x+3)}$
Comparing the denominators,we have $12(ax+5) = 12(x+21) + c(x^2+b)$.
Expanding the right side: $12ax + 60 = 12x + 252 + cx^2 + cb$.
Rearranging terms: $cx^2 + (12-12a)x + (cb + 252 - 60) = 0$.
For this to hold for all $x$,the coefficients must be zero.
Coefficient of $x^2$: $c = 0$ (This would make the original expression undefined,so we check the partial fraction decomposition).
Actually,equating the numerators: $\frac{ax+5}{(x^2+b)(x+3)} = \frac{12(x+21) + c(x^2+b)}{12(x^2+b)(x+3)}$.
This implies $12ax + 60 = 12x + 252 + cx^2 + cb$.
For this to be an identity,$c=0$ is not possible. Let's re-evaluate: $12(ax+5) = 12(x+21) + c(x^2+b)$.
If we set $x = -3$,then $12(-3a+5) = 12(-3+21) + c(9+b) \implies -36a + 60 = 216 + c(9+b)$.
By comparing coefficients of $x^2, x^1, x^0$: $c=0$ is impossible. The problem implies $c$ is a constant such that the identity holds. If $c=12a$,then $12ax + 60 = 12x + 252 + 12ax^2 + 12ab$. This is only possible if $a=0$ and $c=0$,which contradicts the structure. Assuming $b=9$ (from $x^2+9$),then $b^2=81$. Given the standard form of such problems,$b=9$ is the intended value.
62
MediumMCQ
If $\frac{3x+1}{(x-1)(x^2+2)}=\frac{A}{x-1}+\frac{Bx+C}{x^2+2}$,then $5(A-B)=$
A
$A+C$
B
$8C$
C
$C+8$
D
$\frac{C}{8}$

Solution

(B) Given the partial fraction decomposition: $\frac{3x+1}{(x-1)(x^2+2)} = \frac{A}{x-1} + \frac{Bx+C}{x^2+2}$.
Multiplying both sides by $(x-1)(x^2+2)$,we get: $3x+1 = A(x^2+2) + (Bx+C)(x-1)$.
To find $A$,set $x=1$: $3(1)+1 = A(1^2+2) \implies 4 = 3A \implies A = \frac{4}{3}$.
Expanding the right side: $3x+1 = Ax^2 + 2A + Bx^2 - Bx + Cx - C = (A+B)x^2 + (C-B)x + (2A-C)$.
Comparing coefficients:
$x^2$ term: $A+B = 0 \implies B = -A = -\frac{4}{3}$.
Constant term: $2A-C = 1 \implies 2(\frac{4}{3}) - C = 1 \implies C = \frac{8}{3} - 1 = \frac{5}{3}$.
We need to find $5(A-B) = 5(\frac{4}{3} - (-\frac{4}{3})) = 5(\frac{8}{3}) = \frac{40}{3}$.
Since the options provided do not match the calculated value,we check the expression $C+8 = \frac{5}{3} + 8 = \frac{29}{3}$ or $8C = \frac{40}{3}$.
Thus,$5(A-B) = 8C$.
63
MediumMCQ
If $\frac{3x^3-7x+1}{(x-2)^5} = \frac{A}{x-2} + \frac{B}{(x-2)^2} + \frac{C}{(x-2)^3} + \frac{D}{(x-2)^4} + \frac{E}{(x-2)^5}$,then $A(B+C+D+E) =$ ?
A
$0$
B
$64$
C
$348$
D
$256$

Solution

(A) Let $u = x-2$,so $x = u+2$. Substituting this into the numerator: $3(u+2)^3 - 7(u+2) + 1 = 3(u^3 + 6u^2 + 12u + 8) - 7u - 14 + 1 = 3u^3 + 18u^2 + 36u + 24 - 7u - 13 = 3u^3 + 18u^2 + 29u + 11$.
Dividing by $u^5$: $\frac{3u^3 + 18u^2 + 29u + 11}{u^5} = \frac{3}{u^2} + \frac{18}{u^3} + \frac{29}{u^4} + \frac{11}{u^5}$.
Comparing this with the given form: $\frac{A}{u} + \frac{B}{u^2} + \frac{C}{u^3} + \frac{D}{u^4} + \frac{E}{u^5}$,we get $A = 0$,$B = 3$,$C = 18$,$D = 29$,$E = 11$.
Therefore,$A(B+C+D+E) = 0(3+18+29+11) = 0$.
64
MediumMCQ
If $\frac{x^4}{(x-1)(x-2)}=f(x)+\frac{A}{x-1}+\frac{B}{x-2}$,then $f(-2)+A+B=$
A
$32$
B
$28$
C
$22$
D
$20$

Solution

(D) Given $\frac{x^4}{(x-1)(x-2)} = f(x) + \frac{A}{x-1} + \frac{B}{x-2}$.
First,perform polynomial division for $\frac{x^4}{x^2-3x+2}$.
$x^4 = (x^2-3x+2)(x^2+3x+7) + (15x-14)$.
So,$\frac{x^4}{(x-1)(x-2)} = x^2+3x+7 + \frac{15x-14}{(x-1)(x-2)}$.
Using partial fractions for $\frac{15x-14}{(x-1)(x-2)} = \frac{A}{x-1} + \frac{B}{x-2}$.
$15x-14 = A(x-2) + B(x-1)$.
For $x=1$,$15-14 = A(1-2) \implies A = -1$.
For $x=2$,$30-14 = B(2-1) \implies B = 16$.
Thus,$f(x) = x^2+3x+7$.
$f(-2) = (-2)^2 + 3(-2) + 7 = 4 - 6 + 7 = 5$.
Therefore,$f(-2)+A+B = 5 + (-1) + 16 = 20$.
65
MediumMCQ
If $\frac{2x^4-3x^2+4}{(x^2+1)(x^2+2)} = a + \frac{px+q}{x^2+1} + \frac{mx+n}{x^2+2}$,then $\frac{n}{q} =$
A
$p+m-a$
B
$\frac{p+m}{a}$
C
$\frac{a}{p+m}$
D
$\frac{n}{q}$ is undefined

Solution

(D) Let $u = x^2$. Then the expression is $\frac{2u^2-3u+4}{(u+1)(u+2)} = a + \frac{px+q}{u+1} + \frac{mx+n}{u+2}$.
Performing polynomial division on the left side: $\frac{2u^2-3u+4}{u^2+3u+2} = 2 + \frac{-9u}{u^2+3u+2} = 2 + \frac{-9u}{(u+1)(u+2)}$.
Using partial fractions for $\frac{-9u}{(u+1)(u+2)} = \frac{A}{u+1} + \frac{B}{u+2}$.
$-9u = A(u+2) + B(u+1)$.
For $u = -1$,$-9(-1) = A(1) \implies A = 9$.
For $u = -2$,$-9(-2) = B(-1) \implies B = -18$.
So,$\frac{2x^4-3x^2+4}{(x^2+1)(x^2+2)} = 2 + \frac{9}{x^2+1} - \frac{18}{x^2+2}$.
Comparing this with $a + \frac{px+q}{x^2+1} + \frac{mx+n}{x^2+2}$,we get $a = 2$,$p = 0$,$q = 9$,$m = 0$,$n = -18$.
Thus,$\frac{n}{q} = \frac{-18}{9} = -2$.
66
MediumMCQ
If $\frac{x^2}{(x^2+2)(x^4-1)} = \frac{A}{x^2-1} + \frac{B}{x^2+1} + \frac{C}{x^2+2}$,then $A+B-C=$
A
$0$
B
$\frac{4}{3}$
C
$\frac{3}{4}$
D
$2$

Solution

(B) Let $y = x^2$. The expression becomes $\frac{y}{(y+2)(y^2-1)} = \frac{y}{(y+2)(y-1)(y+1)} = \frac{A}{y-1} + \frac{B}{y+1} + \frac{C}{y+2}$.
Using partial fraction decomposition:
$y = A(y+1)(y+2) + B(y-1)(y+2) + C(y-1)(y+1)$.
For $y=1$: $1 = A(2)(3) \implies 6A = 1 \implies A = \frac{1}{6}$.
For $y=-1$: $-1 = B(-2)(1) \implies -2B = -1 \implies B = \frac{1}{2}$.
For $y=-2$: $-2 = C(-3)(-1) \implies 3C = -2 \implies C = -\frac{2}{3}$.
Thus,$A+B-C = \frac{1}{6} + \frac{1}{2} - (-\frac{2}{3}) = \frac{1}{6} + \frac{3}{6} + \frac{4}{6} = \frac{8}{6} = \frac{4}{3}$.
67
MediumMCQ
If $\frac{x^2+3}{x^4+2 x^2+9}=\frac{A x+B}{x^2+a x+b}+\frac{C x+D}{x^2+c x+b}$ then $a A+b B+c C+D=$
A
$1$
B
$0$
C
$-1$
D
$2$

Solution

(D) We factor the denominator: $x^4+2 x^2+9 = (x^4+6 x^2+9) - 4 x^2 = (x^2+3)^2 - (2 x)^2 = (x^2-2 x+3)(x^2+2 x+3)$.
Using partial fractions,we have $\frac{x^2+3}{(x^2-2 x+3)(x^2+2 x+3)} = \frac{Ax+B}{x^2-2 x+3} + \frac{Cx+D}{x^2+2 x+3}$.
By solving,we get $\frac{x^2+3}{x^4+2 x^2+9} = \frac{1}{2} \left( \frac{1}{x^2-2 x+3} + \frac{1}{x^2+2 x+3} \right) = \frac{0x + 1/2}{x^2-2 x+3} + \frac{0x + 1/2}{x^2+2 x+3}$.
Comparing coefficients,we identify $A=0, B=1/2, a=-2, b=3, C=0, D=1/2, c=2$.
Substituting these values into the expression $aA+bB+cC+D$:
$(-2)(0) + (3)(1/2) + (2)(0) + 1/2 = 0 + 3/2 + 0 + 1/2 = 4/2 = 2$.
68
EasyMCQ
If $\frac{1}{(3x+1)(x-2)}=\frac{A}{3x+1}+\frac{B}{x-2}$ and $\frac{x+1}{(3x+1)(x-2)}=\frac{C}{3x+1}+\frac{D}{x-2}$,then
A
$A+3B=0, A:C=1:3, B:D=2:3$
B
$A+3B=0, A:C=3:1, B:D=3:2$
C
$A-3B=0, A:C=3:2, B:D=1:3$
D
$A+3B=0, A:C=3:2, B:D=1:3$

Solution

(D) For the first partial fraction: $\frac{1}{(3x+1)(x-2)} = \frac{A}{3x+1} + \frac{B}{x-2}$.
By partial fraction decomposition,$1 = A(x-2) + B(3x+1)$.
Setting $x=2$,$1 = B(6+1) \Rightarrow B = \frac{1}{7}$.
Setting $x=-\frac{1}{3}$,$1 = A(-\frac{1}{3}-2)$ $\Rightarrow 1 = A(-\frac{7}{3})$ $\Rightarrow A = -\frac{3}{7}$.
Thus,$A+3B = -\frac{3}{7} + 3(\frac{1}{7}) = 0$.
For the second partial fraction: $\frac{x+1}{(3x+1)(x-2)} = \frac{C}{3x+1} + \frac{D}{x-2}$.
$x+1 = C(x-2) + D(3x+1)$.
Setting $x=2$,$3 = D(7) \Rightarrow D = \frac{3}{7}$.
Setting $x=-\frac{1}{3}$,$\frac{2}{3} = C(-\frac{7}{3}) \Rightarrow C = -\frac{2}{7}$.
Now,$A:C = (-\frac{3}{7}) : (-\frac{2}{7}) = 3:2$ and $B:D = (\frac{1}{7}) : (\frac{3}{7}) = 1:3$.
Therefore,$A+3B=0, A:C=3:2, B:D=1:3$.
69
EasyMCQ
If $\frac{17x-2}{12x^2-x-20}=\frac{A}{ax+5}+\frac{B}{3x+b}$ then $a \cdot A+b \cdot B=$
A
$0$
B
$4$
C
$7$
D
$10$

Solution

(B) Given $\frac{17x-2}{12x^2-x-20}=\frac{A}{ax+5}+\frac{B}{3x+b} \dots (i)$
Factorizing the denominator: $12x^2-x-20 = 12x^2-16x+15x-20 = 4x(3x-4)+5(3x-4) = (4x+5)(3x-4)$.
Using partial fractions: $\frac{17x-2}{(4x+5)(3x-4)} = \frac{P}{4x+5} + \frac{Q}{3x-4}$.
$17x-2 = P(3x-4) + Q(4x+5) = x(3P+4Q) + (-4P+5Q)$.
Comparing coefficients: $3P+4Q = 17$ and $-4P+5Q = -2$.
Solving these: $P=3, Q=2$.
Thus,$\frac{17x-2}{12x^2-x-20} = \frac{3}{4x+5} + \frac{2}{3x-4}$.
Comparing with $\frac{A}{ax+5} + \frac{B}{3x+b}$,we get $A=3, a=4, B=2, b=-4$.
Then $a \cdot A + b \cdot B = (4)(3) + (-4)(2) = 12 - 8 = 4$.
70
DifficultMCQ
If $\frac{6 x^3+7 x^2-14 x+11}{6 x^3+x^2-10 x+3}=a+\frac{b}{x+p}+\frac{c}{q x+3}+\frac{d}{3 x+p}$ then $\frac{a+b}{p+q}=$
A
$2$
B
$3$
C
$-\frac{2}{5}$
D
$\frac{2}{3}$

Solution

(A) Perform polynomial division: $\frac{6 x^3+7 x^2-14 x+11}{6 x^3+x^2-10 x+3} = 1 + \frac{6 x^2-4 x+8}{6 x^3+x^2-10 x+3}$.
Factor the denominator: $6 x^3+x^2-10 x+3 = (x-1)(3 x-1)(2 x+3)$.
Using partial fractions: $\frac{6 x^2-4 x+8}{(x-1)(3 x-1)(2 x+3)} = \frac{A}{x-1} + \frac{B}{3 x-1} + \frac{C}{2 x+3}$.
Solving for constants: $A=1, B=-3, C=2$.
Thus,the expression is $1 + \frac{1}{x-1} - \frac{3}{3 x-1} + \frac{2}{2 x+3}$.
Comparing with $a+\frac{b}{x+p}+\frac{c}{q x+3}+\frac{d}{3 x+p}$,we identify $a=1, b=1, p=-1, c=2, q=2, d=-3$.
Finally,$\frac{a+b}{p+q} = \frac{1+1}{-1+2} = \frac{2}{1} = 2$.
71
MediumMCQ
If $\frac{x^4+24 x^2+28}{\left(x^2+1\right)^3}=\frac{A x+B}{x^2+1}+\frac{C x+D}{\left(x^2+1\right)^2}+\frac{E x+F}{\left(x^2+1\right)^3}$,then the value of $A+B+C+D+E+F=$
A
$21$
B
$22$
C
$28$
D
$29$

Solution

(C) Given $\frac{x^4+24 x^2+28}{\left(x^2+1\right)^3} = \frac{A x+B}{x^2+1} + \frac{C x+D}{\left(x^2+1\right)^2} + \frac{E x+F}{\left(x^2+1\right)^3}$.
Multiplying both sides by $(x^2+1)^3$,we get:
$x^4+24 x^2+28 = (A x+B)(x^2+1)^2 + (C x+D)(x^2+1) + (E x+F)$.
Expanding the right side:
$x^4+24 x^2+28 = (A x+B)(x^4+2x^2+1) + (C x^3+D x^2+C x+D) + E x+F$.
$x^4+24 x^2+28 = A x^5 + B x^4 + 2A x^3 + 2B x^2 + A x + B + C x^3 + D x^2 + C x + D + E x + F$.
Grouping the powers of $x$:
$x^4+24 x^2+28 = A x^5 + B x^4 + (2A+C) x^3 + (2B+D) x^2 + (A+C+E) x + (B+D+F)$.
Comparing coefficients on both sides:
$A = 0$
$B = 1$
$2A+C = 0 \Rightarrow C = 0$
$2B+D = 24$ $\Rightarrow 2(1)+D = 24$ $\Rightarrow D = 22$
$A+C+E = 0$ $\Rightarrow 0+0+E = 0$ $\Rightarrow E = 0$
$B+D+F = 28$ $\Rightarrow 1+22+F = 28$ $\Rightarrow F = 5$.
Therefore,$A+B+C+D+E+F = 0+1+0+22+0+5 = 28$.
72
EasyMCQ
If $\frac{13x+43}{2x^2+17x+30} = \frac{A}{2x+5} + \frac{B}{x+6}$,then $A^2+B^2=$
A
$\frac{22}{3}$
B
$52$
C
$34$
D
$\frac{18}{5}$

Solution

(C) Given the partial fraction decomposition:
$\frac{13x+43}{2x^2+17x+30} = \frac{A}{2x+5} + \frac{B}{x+6}$
Combining the terms on the right side:
$\frac{13x+43}{2x^2+17x+30} = \frac{A(x+6) + B(2x+5)}{(2x+5)(x+6)}$
Since the denominators are equal,we equate the numerators:
$13x + 43 = A(x+6) + B(2x+5)$
$13x + 43 = (A+2B)x + (6A+5B)$
Comparing the coefficients of $x$ and the constant terms:
$A + 2B = 13$ $(i)$
$6A + 5B = 43$ $(ii)$
Multiply equation $(i)$ by $6$:
$6A + 12B = 78$ $(iii)$
Subtract equation $(ii)$ from $(iii)$:
$(6A + 12B) - (6A + 5B) = 78 - 43$
$7B = 35 \Rightarrow B = 5$
Substitute $B = 5$ into equation $(i)$:
$A + 2(5) = 13$ $\Rightarrow A + 10 = 13$ $\Rightarrow A = 3$
Finally,calculate $A^2 + B^2$:
$A^2 + B^2 = 3^2 + 5^2 = 9 + 25 = 34$
73
EasyMCQ
$\frac{2x^2+1}{x^3-1} = \frac{A}{x-1} + \frac{Bx+C}{x^2+x+1} \Rightarrow 7A + 2B + C = ?$
A
$8$
B
$9$
C
$10$
D
$11$

Solution

(B) Given the partial fraction decomposition: $\frac{2x^2+1}{x^3-1} = \frac{A}{x-1} + \frac{Bx+C}{x^2+x+1}$.
Since $x^3-1 = (x-1)(x^2+x+1)$,we have $2x^2+1 = A(x^2+x+1) + (Bx+C)(x-1)$.
Expanding the right side: $2x^2+1 = Ax^2 + Ax + A + Bx^2 - Bx + Cx - C$.
Grouping terms by powers of $x$: $2x^2 + 0x + 1 = (A+B)x^2 + (A-B+C)x + (A-C)$.
Comparing coefficients:
$1) A+B = 2$
$2) A-B+C = 0$
$3) A-C = 1$
From $(3)$,$C = A-1$. Substituting into $(2)$: $A-B+(A-1) = 0 \Rightarrow 2A-B = 1$.
Adding this to $(1)$: $(2A-B) + (A+B) = 1+2$ $\Rightarrow 3A = 3$ $\Rightarrow A = 1$.
Then $B = 2-A = 1$ and $C = A-1 = 0$.
Finally,$7A + 2B + C = 7(1) + 2(1) + 0 = 9$.
74
EasyMCQ
If the equivalent partial fraction of $\frac{x^3}{(2 x-1)(x+2)(x-3)}$ is of the form $A+\frac{B}{2 x-1}+\frac{C}{x+2}+\frac{D}{x-3}$,then the value of $A+B+C=$
A
$-8/25$
B
$4/25$
C
$-1/50$
D
$1/2$

Solution

(B) The given expression is $\frac{x^3}{(2x-1)(x+2)(x-3)}$. Since the degree of the numerator is equal to the degree of the denominator,we perform polynomial division first.\\ The denominator is $(2x-1)(x^2-x-6) = 2x^3-2x^2-12x-x^2+x+6 = 2x^3-3x^2-11x+6$.\\ Dividing $x^3$ by $2x^3-3x^2-11x+6$,we get $A = 1/2$ as the quotient.\\ The expression becomes $\frac{1}{2} + \frac{\frac{3}{2}x^2 + \frac{11}{2}x - 3}{(2x-1)(x+2)(x-3)} = A + \frac{B}{2x-1} + \frac{C}{x+2} + \frac{D}{x-3}$.\\ Using the cover-up rule or substitution:\\ For $B$: Put $x = 1/2$,$B = \frac{\frac{3}{2}(1/4) + \frac{11}{2}(1/2) - 3}{(1/2+2)(1/2-3)} = \frac{3/8 + 11/4 - 3}{(5/2)(-5/2)} = \frac{(3+22-24)/8}{-25/4} = \frac{1/8}{-25/4} = -1/50$.\\ For $C$: Put $x = -2$,$C = \frac{\frac{3}{2}(4) + \frac{11}{2}(-2) - 3}{(-4-1)(-2-3)} = \frac{6-11-3}{(-5)(-5)} = \frac{-8}{25}$.\\ For $D$: Put $x = 3$,$D = \frac{\frac{3}{2}(9) + \frac{11}{2}(3) - 3}{(6-1)(3+2)} = \frac{27/2 + 33/2 - 3}{(5)(5)} = \frac{30-3}{25} = 27/25$.\\ Finally,$A+B+C = 1/2 - 1/50 - 8/25 = \frac{25-1-16}{50} = \frac{8}{50} = 4/25$.
75
MediumMCQ
If we resolve the rational fraction $\frac{1}{(1-2x)^2(1-3x)}$ into partial fractions of the form $\frac{A}{1-3x} + \frac{B}{1-2x} + \frac{C}{(1-2x)^2}$,then what is $\min \{A, B, C\} = $
A
$1$
B
$9$
C
$-2$
D
$-6$

Solution

(D) Given the partial fraction decomposition: $\frac{1}{(1-2x)^2(1-3x)} = \frac{A}{1-3x} + \frac{B}{1-2x} + \frac{C}{(1-2x)^2}$.
Multiplying both sides by $(1-2x)^2(1-3x)$,we get: $1 = A(1-2x)^2 + B(1-2x)(1-3x) + C(1-3x)$.
Setting $x = \frac{1}{3}$: $1 = A(1 - \frac{2}{3})^2 = A(\frac{1}{3})^2 = \frac{A}{9} \implies A = 9$.
Setting $x = \frac{1}{2}$: $1 = C(1 - \frac{3}{2}) = C(-\frac{1}{2}) \implies C = -2$.
Setting $x = 0$: $1 = A(1)^2 + B(1)(1) + C(1) = A + B + C$.
Substituting $A = 9$ and $C = -2$: $1 = 9 + B - 2 \implies 1 = 7 + B \implies B = -6$.
Thus,the set is $\{9, -6, -2\}$.
The minimum value is $\min \{9, -6, -2\} = -6$.
76
EasyMCQ
If the equivalent partial fraction of $\frac{x^3}{(2x-1)(x+2)(x-3)}$ is given by $A+\frac{B}{2x-1}+\frac{C}{x+2}+\frac{D}{x-3}$,then the value of $C$ is
A
$\frac{1}{2}$
B
$-\frac{1}{50}$
C
$-\frac{8}{25}$
D
$\frac{27}{25}$

Solution

(C) Given the expression: $\frac{x^3}{(2x-1)(x+2)(x-3)} = A + \frac{B}{2x-1} + \frac{C}{x+2} + \frac{D}{x-3}$.
First,perform polynomial division since the degree of the numerator is equal to the degree of the denominator. The denominator is $(2x-1)(x^2-x-6) = 2x^3 - 3x^2 - 11x + 6$. Dividing $x^3$ by $2x^3 - 3x^2 - 11x + 6$ gives $A = \frac{1}{2}$.
Now,equate the remainder: $\frac{x^3 - \frac{1}{2}(2x^3 - 3x^2 - 11x + 6)}{(2x-1)(x+2)(x-3)} = \frac{\frac{3}{2}x^2 + \frac{11}{2}x - 3}{(2x-1)(x+2)(x-3)} = \frac{B}{2x-1} + \frac{C}{x+2} + \frac{D}{x-3}$.
To find $C$,use the cover-up method by multiplying both sides by $(x+2)$ and setting $x = -2$:
$C = \left[ \frac{\frac{3}{2}x^2 + \frac{11}{2}x - 3}{(2x-1)(x-3)} \right]_{x=-2}$.
$C = \frac{\frac{3}{2}(4) + \frac{11}{2}(-2) - 3}{(2(-2)-1)(-2-3)} = \frac{6 - 11 - 3}{(-5)(-5)} = \frac{-8}{25}$.
77
MediumMCQ
If $\frac{4 x^3+16 x+7}{\left(x^2+4\right)^2}=\frac{A x+B}{x^2+4}+\frac{C x+D}{\left(x^2+4\right)^2}$,then the number of non-zero values in $A, B, C, D$ is
A
$1$
B
$2$
C
$3$
D
$4$

Solution

(B) Given the partial fraction decomposition: $\frac{4 x^3+16 x+7}{\left(x^2+4\right)^2}=\frac{A x+B}{x^2+4}+\frac{C x+D}{\left(x^2+4\right)^2}$
Multiplying both sides by $(x^2+4)^2$,we get: $4 x^3+16 x+7 = (A x+B)(x^2+4) + (C x+D)$
Expanding the right side: $4 x^3+16 x+7 = A x^3 + B x^2 + 4Ax + 4B + Cx + D$
$4 x^3+16 x+7 = A x^3 + B x^2 + (4A+C)x + (4B+D)$
Comparing the coefficients of like powers of $x$:
$x^3$: $A = 4$
$x^2$: $B = 0$
$x^1$: $4A + C = 16$ $\Rightarrow 4(4) + C = 16$ $\Rightarrow 16 + C = 16$ $\Rightarrow C = 0$
Constant term: $4B + D = 7$ $\Rightarrow 4(0) + D = 7$ $\Rightarrow D = 7$
The values are $A=4, B=0, C=0, D=7$.
The non-zero values are $A$ and $D$.
Therefore,the number of non-zero values is $2$.
78
EasyMCQ
If $\frac{x^2+5x+7}{(x-3)^3}=\frac{A}{(x-3)}+\frac{B}{(x-3)^2}+\frac{C}{(x-3)^3}$,then $9A-3B+C=$
A
$2$
B
$5$
C
$7$
D
$9$

Solution

(C) Given,$\frac{x^2+5x+7}{(x-3)^3} = \frac{A}{(x-3)} + \frac{B}{(x-3)^2} + \frac{C}{(x-3)^3}$
Multiply both sides by $(x-3)^3$:
$x^2+5x+7 = A(x-3)^2 + B(x-3) + C$
Let $u = x-3$,so $x = u+3$.
Substitute $x = u+3$ into the equation:
$(u+3)^2 + 5(u+3) + 7 = Au^2 + Bu + C$
$(u^2+6u+9) + 5u + 15 + 7 = Au^2 + Bu + C$
$u^2 + 11u + 31 = Au^2 + Bu + C$
Comparing coefficients:
$A = 1, B = 11, C = 31$
Now calculate $9A - 3B + C$:
$9(1) - 3(11) + 31 = 9 - 33 + 31 = 7$
79
MediumMCQ
If $\frac{1}{x^4+x^2+1}=\frac{A x+B}{x^2+x+1}+\frac{C x+D}{x^2-x+1}$,then $C+D$ is equal to
A
$-1$
B
$1$
C
$2$
D
$0$

Solution

(D) Given,$\frac{1}{x^4+x^2+1} = \frac{Ax+B}{x^2+x+1} + \frac{Cx+D}{x^2-x+1}$.
Since $x^4+x^2+1 = (x^2+x+1)(x^2-x+1)$,we have:
$1 = (Ax+B)(x^2-x+1) + (Cx+D)(x^2+x+1)$.
Expanding the right side:
$1 = Ax^3 - Ax^2 + Ax + Bx^2 - Bx + B + Cx^3 + Cx^2 + Cx + Dx^2 + Dx + D$.
Grouping terms by powers of $x$:
$1 = (A+C)x^3 + (-A+B+C+D)x^2 + (A-B+C+D)x + (B+D)$.
Comparing coefficients on both sides:
$A+C = 0$ $(i)$
$-A+B+C+D = 0$ (ii)
$A-B+C+D = 0$ (iii)
$B+D = 1$ (iv)
Adding equations (ii) and (iii):
$(-A+B+C+D) + (A-B+C+D) = 0 + 0$
$2(C+D) = 0$
$C+D = 0$.
80
EasyMCQ
The fraction $\frac{x^2}{(x-a)(x-b)}$ is
A
always a proper partial fraction
B
always an improper partial fraction
C
a proper partial fraction for certain values of $a, b$ only
D
an improper partial fraction for certain values of $a, b$ only

Solution

(B) Consider the expression $\frac{x^2}{(x-a)(x-b)}$.
Expanding the denominator,we get $\frac{x^2}{x^2 - (a+b)x + ab}$.
The degree of the numerator is $2$ and the degree of the denominator is $2$.
$A$ rational function $\frac{P(x)}{Q(x)}$ is called an improper fraction if the degree of $P(x)$ is greater than or equal to the degree of $Q(x)$.
Since the degrees are equal,the given fraction is always an improper partial fraction.
Therefore,option $B$ is correct.
81
EasyMCQ
If $\frac{x+1}{(2x-1)(3x+1)}=\frac{A}{2x-1}+\frac{B}{3x+1}$,then $16A+9B$ is equal to
A
$4$
B
$5$
C
$6$
D
$8$

Solution

(C) Given the partial fraction decomposition: $\frac{x+1}{(2x-1)(3x+1)}=\frac{A}{2x-1}+\frac{B}{3x+1}$
Multiplying both sides by $(2x-1)(3x+1)$,we get: $x+1=A(3x+1)+B(2x-1)$
To find $A$,substitute $x=\frac{1}{2}$: $\frac{1}{2}+1=A(3(\frac{1}{2})+1)+B(0)$ $\Rightarrow \frac{3}{2}=A(\frac{5}{2})$ $\Rightarrow A=\frac{3}{5}$
To find $B$,substitute $x=-\frac{1}{3}$: $-\frac{1}{3}+1=A(0)+B(2(-\frac{1}{3})-1)$ $\Rightarrow \frac{2}{3}=B(-\frac{5}{3})$ $\Rightarrow B=-\frac{2}{5}$
Now,calculate $16A+9B$: $16(\frac{3}{5})+9(-\frac{2}{5}) = \frac{48}{5}-\frac{18}{5} = \frac{30}{5} = 6$
Thus,the value is $6$.
82
EasyMCQ
If $\frac{x^4}{(x-1)(x-2)(x-3)}=Ax+B \cdot \frac{1}{x-1}+C \cdot \frac{1}{x-2}+D \cdot \frac{1}{x-3}+E$,then $A+B+C+D+E=$
A
$-12$
B
$6$
C
$18$
D
$32$

Solution

(D) Given the expression $\frac{x^4}{(x-1)(x-2)(x-3)}$. First,perform polynomial division since the degree of the numerator is greater than the denominator.
$(x-1)(x-2)(x-3) = x^3 - 6x^2 + 11x - 6$.
Dividing $x^4$ by $x^3 - 6x^2 + 11x - 6$ gives $x+6$ with a remainder of $25x^2 - 60x + 36$.
So,$\frac{x^4}{(x-1)(x-2)(x-3)} = x+6 + \frac{25x^2 - 60x + 36}{(x-1)(x-2)(x-3)}$.
Using partial fractions for the remainder: $\frac{25x^2 - 60x + 36}{(x-1)(x-2)(x-3)} = \frac{B}{x-1} + \frac{C}{x-2} + \frac{D}{x-3}$.
For $x=1$: $B = \frac{25-60+36}{(1-2)(1-3)} = \frac{1}{2}$.
For $x=2$: $C = \frac{25(4)-60(2)+36}{(2-1)(2-3)} = \frac{100-120+36}{-1} = -16$.
For $x=3$: $D = \frac{25(9)-60(3)+36}{(3-1)(3-2)} = \frac{225-180+36}{2} = \frac{81}{2} = 40.5$.
Comparing with $Ax+B \cdot \frac{1}{x-1}+C \cdot \frac{1}{x-2}+D \cdot \frac{1}{x-3}+E$,we have $A=1$,$E=6$,$B=0.5$,$C=-16$,$D=40.5$.
Sum $A+B+C+D+E = 1 + 0.5 - 16 + 40.5 + 6 = 32$.
83
EasyMCQ
If $\frac{5x^2+2}{x^3+x}=\frac{A_1}{x}+\frac{A_2x+A_3}{x^2+1}$,then $(A_1, A_2, A_3) = $
A
$(0, 2, 3)$
B
$(3, 0, 2)$
C
$(2, 3, 0)$
D
$(2, 0, 3)$

Solution

(C) Given that,$\frac{5x^2+2}{x(x^2+1)} = \frac{A_1}{x} + \frac{A_2x+A_3}{x^2+1}$
Multiplying both sides by $x(x^2+1)$,we get:
$5x^2+2 = A_1(x^2+1) + (A_2x+A_3)x$
$5x^2+2 = A_1x^2 + A_1 + A_2x^2 + A_3x$
$5x^2+2 = (A_1+A_2)x^2 + A_3x + A_1$
Comparing the coefficients of $x^2$,$x$,and the constant term on both sides:
Constant term: $A_1 = 2$
Coefficient of $x$: $A_3 = 0$
Coefficient of $x^2$: $A_1 + A_2 = 5$ $\Rightarrow 2 + A_2 = 5$ $\Rightarrow A_2 = 3$
Thus,$(A_1, A_2, A_3) = (2, 3, 0)$.
84
EasyMCQ
If $\frac{x^2-3x+1}{(x-1)(x-2)(x-3)}=\frac{A}{x-3}+\frac{B}{(x-1)(x-2)}+\frac{C}{(x-1)(x-2)(x-3)}$,then $B=$
A
$0$
B
$1$
C
$-1$
D
$2$

Solution

(A) Given the equation: $\frac{x^2-3x+1}{(x-1)(x-2)(x-3)}=\frac{A}{x-3}+\frac{B}{(x-1)(x-2)}+\frac{C}{(x-1)(x-2)(x-3)}$
Multiply both sides by $(x-1)(x-2)(x-3)$:
$x^2-3x+1 = A(x-1)(x-2) + B(x-3) + C$
$x^2-3x+1 = A(x^2-3x+2) + Bx - 3B + C$
$x^2-3x+1 = Ax^2 + (B-3A)x + (2A-3B+C)$
Comparing the coefficients of $x^2$ on both sides: $A = 1$.
Comparing the coefficients of $x$ on both sides: $B-3A = -3$.
Substituting $A=1$: $B-3(1) = -3 \implies B = 0$.
85
MediumMCQ
If $\frac{x^4-6 x^3+9 x^2+5 x-20}{x^2-x-2}=f(x)+\frac{a}{x+p}+\frac{b}{x+q}$,then $2(a+b)=$
A
$f(7)$
B
$f(6)$
C
$f(5)$
D
$f(4)$

Solution

(D) Given: $\frac{x^4-6 x^3+9 x^2+5 x-20}{x^2-x-2}=f(x)+\frac{a}{x+p}+\frac{b}{x+q}$ ... $(i)$
Performing polynomial long division of the numerator by the denominator:
$\frac{x^4-6 x^3+9 x^2+5 x-20}{x^2-x-2} = (x^2-5x+6) + \frac{x-8}{x^2-x-2}$
Since $x^2-x-2 = (x+1)(x-2)$,we use partial fractions for $\frac{x-8}{(x+1)(x-2)}$:
$\frac{x-8}{(x+1)(x-2)} = \frac{A}{x+1} + \frac{B}{x-2}$
$x-8 = A(x-2) + B(x+1)$
For $x=-1$,$-9 = A(-3) \Rightarrow A=3$.
For $x=2$,$-6 = B(3) \Rightarrow B=-2$.
So,$\frac{x^4-6 x^3+9 x^2+5 x-20}{x^2-x-2} = (x^2-5x+6) + \frac{3}{x+1} - \frac{2}{x-2}$ ... (ii)
Comparing $(i)$ and (ii),$f(x) = x^2-5x+6$,$a=3$,$b=-2$.
Then $2(a+b) = 2(3-2) = 2(1) = 2$.
Evaluating the options:
$f(7) = 49-35+6 = 20$
$f(6) = 36-30+6 = 12$
$f(5) = 25-25+6 = 6$
$f(4) = 16-20+6 = 2$
Thus,$2(a+b) = f(4)$.
86
DifficultMCQ
$\begin{aligned} & \frac{x^2+x+1}{(x-1)(x-2)(x-3)}=\frac{A}{x-1}+\frac{B}{x-2}+\frac{C}{x-3} \\ & \Rightarrow A+C= \end{aligned}$
A
$4$
B
$5$
C
$6$
D
$8$

Solution

(D) Given,$\frac{x^2+x+1}{(x-1)(x-2)(x-3)}=\frac{A}{x-1}+\frac{B}{x-2}+\frac{C}{x-3}$
Multiplying both sides by $(x-1)(x-2)(x-3)$,we get:
$x^2+x+1 = A(x-2)(x-3) + B(x-1)(x-3) + C(x-1)(x-2)$
To find $A$,put $x=1$:
$1^2+1+1 = A(1-2)(1-3) \Rightarrow 3 = A(-1)(-2) \Rightarrow 3 = 2A \Rightarrow A = \frac{3}{2}$
To find $C$,put $x=3$:
$3^2+3+1 = C(3-1)(3-2) \Rightarrow 13 = C(2)(1) \Rightarrow 13 = 2C \Rightarrow C = \frac{13}{2}$
Therefore,$A+C = \frac{3}{2} + \frac{13}{2} = \frac{16}{2} = 8$
87
MediumMCQ
If $\frac{3x^2+x+1}{(x-1)^4} = \frac{a}{(x-1)} + \frac{b}{(x-1)^2} + \frac{c}{(x-1)^3} + \frac{d}{(x-1)^4}$,then $\left[\begin{array}{ll}a & b \\ c & d\end{array}\right]$ is equal to
A
$\left[\begin{array}{ll}3 & 7 \\ 5 & 0\end{array}\right]$
B
$\left[\begin{array}{ll}0 & 3 \\ 7 & 5\end{array}\right]$
C
$\left[\begin{array}{ll}0 & 7 \\ 3 & 5\end{array}\right]$
D
$\left[\begin{array}{ll}3 & 5 \\ 7 & 0\end{array}\right]$

Solution

(B) Let $x-1 = t$,so $x = t+1$. Substituting this into the numerator:
$3(t+1)^2 + (t+1) + 1 = 3(t^2+2t+1) + t + 2 = 3t^2 + 6t + 3 + t + 2 = 3t^2 + 7t + 5$.
Now,the expression becomes:
$\frac{3t^2+7t+5}{t^4} = \frac{3}{t^2} + \frac{7}{t^3} + \frac{5}{t^4}$.
Comparing this with $\frac{a}{t} + \frac{b}{t^2} + \frac{c}{t^3} + \frac{d}{t^4}$,we get:
$a = 0, b = 3, c = 7, d = 5$.
Thus,$\left[\begin{array}{ll}a & b \\ c & d\end{array}\right] = \left[\begin{array}{ll}0 & 3 \\ 7 & 5\end{array}\right]$.
88
DifficultMCQ
If $\frac{3x}{(x-a)(x-b)} = \frac{2}{x-a} + \frac{1}{x-b}$,then $a:b$ is equal to
A
$1:2$
B
$-2:1$
C
$1:3$
D
$3:1$

Solution

(B) Given,$\frac{3x}{(x-a)(x-b)} = \frac{2}{x-a} + \frac{1}{x-b}$
Multiplying both sides by $(x-a)(x-b)$,we get:
$3x = 2(x-b) + 1(x-a)$
$3x = 2x - 2b + x - a$
$3x = 3x - (a + 2b)$
Comparing the constant terms on both sides,we get:
$0 = -(a + 2b)$
$a + 2b = 0$
$a = -2b$
Therefore,$\frac{a}{b} = -2$,which means $a:b = -2:1$.
89
DifficultMCQ
If $\frac{1-x+6x^2}{x-x^3} = \frac{A}{x} + \frac{B}{1-x} + \frac{C}{1+x}$,then $A$ is equal to
A
$1$
B
$2$
C
$3$
D
$4$

Solution

(A) Given the partial fraction decomposition: $\frac{1-x+6x^2}{x(1-x)(1+x)} = \frac{A}{x} + \frac{B}{1-x} + \frac{C}{1+x}$.
Multiplying both sides by $x(1-x)(1+x)$,we get:
$1-x+6x^2 = A(1-x^2) + Bx(1+x) + Cx(1-x)$.
To find $A$,we set $x = 0$:
$1 - 0 + 6(0)^2 = A(1 - 0^2) + B(0)(1+0) + C(0)(1-0)$.
$1 = A(1)$.
Therefore,$A = 1$.
90
MediumMCQ
If $\frac{x}{(x-1)(x^2+1)^2} = \frac{1}{4}\left[\frac{1}{x-1} - \frac{x+1}{x^2+1}\right] + y$,then $y =$
A
$\frac{1}{2}\left[\frac{1-x}{(x^2+1)^2}\right]$
B
$\frac{1+x}{3(x^2+1)^2}$
C
$\frac{1-x}{(x^2-1)^2}$
D
$\frac{1+x}{(x^2+1)^2}$

Solution

(A) We use the method of partial fractions for the expression $\frac{x}{(x-1)(x^2+1)^2}$.
Let $\frac{x}{(x-1)(x^2+1)^2} = \frac{A}{x-1} + \frac{Bx+C}{x^2+1} + \frac{Dx+E}{(x^2+1)^2}$.
Multiplying by $(x-1)(x^2+1)^2$,we get $x = A(x^2+1)^2 + (Bx+C)(x-1)(x^2+1) + (Dx+E)(x-1)$.
Setting $x=1$,we get $1 = A(2)^2$,so $A = \frac{1}{4}$.
Comparing coefficients or substituting values for $x$,we find $B = -\frac{1}{4}$,$C = -\frac{1}{4}$,$D = -\frac{1}{2}$,and $E = \frac{1}{2}$.
Substituting these values,we have $\frac{x}{(x-1)(x^2+1)^2} = \frac{1}{4(x-1)} - \frac{x+1}{4(x^2+1)} + \frac{-x/2 + 1/2}{(x^2+1)^2}$.
This simplifies to $\frac{1}{4}\left[\frac{1}{x-1} - \frac{x+1}{x^2+1}\right] + \frac{1}{2}\left[\frac{1-x}{(x^2+1)^2}\right]$.
Comparing this with the given equation,we get $y = \frac{1}{2}\left[\frac{1-x}{(x^2+1)^2}\right]$.
91
EasyMCQ
If $\frac{x^3+x^2+1}{(x^2+2)(x^2+3)}=\frac{Ax+B}{x^2+2}+\frac{Cx+D}{x^2+3}$,then $A+B+C+D=$
A
$1$
B
$4$
C
$3$
D
$2$

Solution

(D) Given the partial fraction decomposition: $\frac{x^3+x^2+1}{(x^2+2)(x^2+3)}=\frac{Ax+B}{x^2+2}+\frac{Cx+D}{x^2+3}$.
Multiplying both sides by $(x^2+2)(x^2+3)$,we get: $x^3+x^2+1 = (Ax+B)(x^2+3) + (Cx+D)(x^2+2)$.
Expanding the right side: $x^3+x^2+1 = Ax^3 + 3Ax + Bx^2 + 3B + Cx^3 + 2Cx + Dx^2 + 2D$.
Grouping the terms by powers of $x$: $x^3+x^2+1 = (A+C)x^3 + (B+D)x^2 + (3A+2C)x + (3B+2D)$.
Comparing coefficients on both sides:
$1$) $A+C = 1$
$2$) $B+D = 1$
$3$) $3A+2C = 0$
$4$) $3B+2D = 1$
From $(1)$,$C = 1-A$. Substituting into $(3)$: $3A + 2(1-A) = 0 \implies A+2=0 \implies A=-2$. Then $C = 1-(-2) = 3$.
From $(2)$,$D = 1-B$. Substituting into $(4)$: $3B + 2(1-B) = 1 \implies B+2=1 \implies B=-1$. Then $D = 1-(-1) = 2$.
Thus,$A+B+C+D = -2 - 1 + 3 + 2 = 2$.
92
MediumMCQ
Let $H(x) = 3x^4 + 6x^3 - 2x^2 + 1$ and $g(x)$ be a linear polynomial. If $\frac{H(x)}{(x-1)(x+1)(x-2)} = f(x) + \frac{g(x)}{(x-1)(x+1)(x-2)}$,then $H(-1) + 2H(2) - 3H(1) =$
A
$f(-1) + 2f(2) - 3f(1)$
B
$H(-1) + f(2) + g(3)$
C
$g(-1) + 2g(2) - 3g(1)$
D
$H(1) + 2f(2) - g(1)$

Solution

(C) Given the equation: $\frac{H(x)}{(x-1)(x+1)(x-2)} = f(x) + \frac{g(x)}{(x-1)(x+1)(x-2)}$.
Multiplying both sides by $(x-1)(x+1)(x-2)$,we get: $H(x) = f(x)(x-1)(x+1)(x-2) + g(x)$.
Since $H(x)$ is a polynomial of degree $4$ and the divisor is a polynomial of degree $3$,$f(x)$ must be a linear polynomial of the form $ax+b$.
Substituting the values $x = -1, 2, 1$ into the equation $H(x) = f(x)(x-1)(x+1)(x-2) + g(x)$,we note that the term $f(x)(x-1)(x+1)(x-2)$ becomes $0$ at these points.
Thus,$H(-1) = g(-1)$,$H(2) = g(2)$,and $H(1) = g(1)$.
Substituting these into the expression $H(-1) + 2H(2) - 3H(1)$,we get $g(-1) + 2g(2) - 3g(1)$.
93
EasyMCQ
The quotient when $3x^5-4x^4+5x^3-3x^2+6x-8$ is divided by $x^2+x-3$ is
A
$3x^2-7x-21$
B
$3x^3-7x^2+21x-45$
C
$3x^4-7x^3+21x^2-45x+114$
D
$114x-143$

Solution

(B) To find the quotient,we perform polynomial long division of $p(x) = 3x^5-4x^4+5x^3-3x^2+6x-8$ by $t(x) = x^2+x-3$.
Step $1$: Divide $3x^5$ by $x^2$ to get $3x^3$. Multiply $3x^3(x^2+x-3) = 3x^5+3x^4-9x^3$. Subtracting this from $p(x)$ gives $-7x^4+14x^3-3x^2+6x-8$.
Step $2$: Divide $-7x^4$ by $x^2$ to get $-7x^2$. Multiply $-7x^2(x^2+x-3) = -7x^4-7x^3+21x^2$. Subtracting this gives $21x^3-24x^2+6x-8$.
Step $3$: Divide $21x^3$ by $x^2$ to get $21x$. Multiply $21x(x^2+x-3) = 21x^3+21x^2-63x$. Subtracting this gives $-45x^2+69x-8$.
Step $4$: Divide $-45x^2$ by $x^2$ to get $-45$. Multiply $-45(x^2+x-3) = -45x^2-45x+135$. Subtracting this gives $114x-143$.
Thus,the quotient is $3x^3-7x^2+21x-45$.
94
EasyMCQ
If $\frac{x+2}{x^2-3}$ is one of the partial fractions of $\frac{3x^3-x^2-2x+17}{x^4+x^2-12}$,then the other partial fraction is:
A
$\frac{2x+3}{x^2-4}$
B
$\frac{3x+2}{x^2+4}$
C
$\frac{2x-3}{x^2+4}$
D
$\frac{3x-2}{x^2-4}$

Solution

(C) Given the expression $\frac{3x^3-x^2-2x+17}{x^4+x^2-12}$.
Factorizing the denominator: $x^4+x^2-12 = (x^2-3)(x^2+4)$.
Let $\frac{3x^3-x^2-2x+17}{(x^2-3)(x^2+4)} = \frac{x+2}{x^2-3} + \frac{Ax+B}{x^2+4}$.
Subtracting $\frac{x+2}{x^2-3}$ from both sides:
$\frac{Ax+B}{x^2+4} = \frac{3x^3-x^2-2x+17 - (x+2)(x^2+4)}{(x^2-3)(x^2+4)}$.
Numerator calculation: $3x^3-x^2-2x+17 - (x^3+2x^2+4x+8) = 2x^3-3x^2-6x+9$.
Factoring the numerator: $x^2(2x-3) - 3(2x-3) = (x^2-3)(2x-3)$.
Thus,$\frac{Ax+B}{x^2+4} = \frac{(x^2-3)(2x-3)}{(x^2-3)(x^2+4)} = \frac{2x-3}{x^2+4}$.
Therefore,the other partial fraction is $\frac{2x-3}{x^2+4}$.
95
MediumMCQ
$\begin{aligned} & \frac{x^2+1}{x^4+4}=\frac{A x+B}{x^2-2 x+2}+\frac{C x+D}{x^2+2 x+2} \\ & \Rightarrow 3 A+2 B+3 C=\end{aligned}$
A
$-D$
B
$D$
C
$2 D$
D
$-2 D$

Solution

(C) Given: $\frac{x^2+1}{x^4+4}=\frac{A x+B}{x^2-2 x+2}+\frac{C x+D}{x^2+2 x+2}$
Expanding the right side:
$\frac{x^2+1}{x^4+4} = \frac{(A x+B)(x^2+2 x+2)+(C x+D)(x^2-2 x+2)}{(x^2-2 x+2)(x^2+2 x+2)}$
Note that $(x^2-2 x+2)(x^2+2 x+2) = ((x^2+2)-2x)((x^2+2)+2x) = (x^2+2)^2 - (2x)^2 = x^4+4x^2+4-4x^2 = x^4+4$.
Equating the numerators:
$x^2+1 = (A+C)x^3 + (2A+B-2C+D)x^2 + (2A+2B+2C-2D)x + (2B+2D)$.
Comparing coefficients:
$1) A+C=0 \Rightarrow A=-C$
$2) 2A+B-2C+D=1$
$3) 2A+2B+2C-2D=0 \Rightarrow A+B+C-D=0$
$4) 2B+2D=1$
From $(1)$,$A+C=0$,so $(3)$ becomes $B-D=0 \Rightarrow B=D$.
Substituting $B=D$ into $(4)$,$2B+2B=1 \Rightarrow 4B=1 \Rightarrow B=D=\frac{1}{4}$.
From $(2)$,$2(A-C)+B+D=1$. Since $A=-C$,$2(2A)+2B=1 \Rightarrow 4A+2B=1$.
Substituting $B=\frac{1}{4}$,$4A + \frac{1}{2} = 1 \Rightarrow 4A = \frac{1}{2} \Rightarrow A = \frac{1}{8}$.
Thus $C = -\frac{1}{8}$.
Finally,$3A+2B+3C = 3(A+C) + 2B = 3(0) + 2(\frac{1}{4}) = \frac{1}{2} = 2D$.
96
EasyMCQ
Given $\frac{3x-2}{(x+1)^2(x+3)} = \frac{A}{x+1} + \frac{B}{(x+1)^2} + \frac{C}{x+3}$,find the value of $4A + 2B + 4C$.
A
$5$
B
$-5$
C
$-3$
D
$3$

Solution

(B) Given the partial fraction decomposition: $\frac{3x-2}{(x+1)^2(x+3)} = \frac{A}{x+1} + \frac{B}{(x+1)^2} + \frac{C}{x+3}$.
Multiplying both sides by $(x+1)^2(x+3)$,we get: $3x-2 = A(x+1)(x+3) + B(x+3) + C(x+1)^2$.
Expanding the terms: $3x-2 = A(x^2+4x+3) + B(x+3) + C(x^2+2x+1)$.
Equating coefficients of $x^2$: $A + C = 0 \Rightarrow C = -A$.
Equating coefficients of $x$: $4A + B + 2C = 3$.
Equating constants: $3A + 3B + C = -2$.
Substitute $C = -A$ into the other equations:
$4A + B - 2A = 3$ $\Rightarrow 2A + B = 3$ $\Rightarrow B = 3 - 2A$.
$3A + 3(3 - 2A) - A = -2$ $\Rightarrow 3A + 9 - 6A - A = -2$ $\Rightarrow -4A = -11$ $\Rightarrow A = \frac{11}{4}$.
Then $C = -\frac{11}{4}$ and $B = 3 - 2(\frac{11}{4}) = 3 - \frac{11}{2} = -\frac{5}{2}$.
We need to find $4A + 2B + 4C = 4(\frac{11}{4}) + 2(-\frac{5}{2}) + 4(-\frac{11}{4}) = 11 - 5 - 11 = -5$.

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