| Vacuum tube (valve) electronic devices | Semiconductor electronic devices |
| $(1)$ Devices made from vacuum tubes are bulky and stationary. | $(1)$ Devices made from semiconductors are compact and portable. |
| $(2)$ These devices require high operating voltage (about $90 \ V$ to $100 \ V$ or more),making them less power-efficient and more expensive. | $(2)$ These devices require low operating voltage (about $1.5 \ V$ to $9.0 \ V$),making them power-efficient and cost-effective. |
| $(3)$ They use fragile glass envelopes,making them prone to damage,resulting in a shorter lifespan and lower reliability. | $(3)$ They are solid-state devices,making them robust,durable,and highly reliable with a long lifespan. |
| $(4)$ They require heating of a filament to emit electrons (thermionic emission) and high voltages to control electron flow. | $(4)$ They do not require filament heating; charge carriers are available at room temperature,and electron flow is controlled by small voltages. |
| $(5)$ Historically used in television and computer monitors (e.g.,Cathode Ray Tubes). | $(5)$ Modern devices use Liquid Crystal Displays $(LCD)$ or Light Emitting Diodes $(LED)$. |
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