White light consists of wavelengths ranging from $480 \,nm$ to $672 \,nm$. What will be the wavelength range when white light is passed through glass of refractive index $1.6$?

$A$ ray of light travels from air to water to glass and again from glass to air. The refractive index of water with respect to air is $x$,glass with respect to water is $y$,and air with respect to glass is $z$. Which one of the following is correct?

When can it be assumed that light moves in a straight line?

In the figure shown,the angle made by the light ray with the normal in the medium of refractive index $\sqrt{2}$ is.....$^o$

The optical properties of a medium are governed by the relative permittivity $(\epsilon_r)$ and relative permeability $(\mu_r)$. The refractive index is defined as $n = \sqrt{\epsilon_r \mu_r}$. For ordinary material $\epsilon_r > 0$ and $\mu_r > 0$ and the positive sign is taken for the square root. In $1964$,a Russian scientist $V$. Veselago postulated the existence of material with $\epsilon_r < 0$ and $\mu_r < 0$. Since then,such 'metamaterials' have been produced in the laboratories and their optical properties studied. For such materials $n = -\sqrt{\epsilon_r \mu_r}$. As light enters a medium of such refractive index,the phases travel away from the direction of propagation.
$(i)$ According to the description above,show that if rays of light enter such a medium from air (refractive index $= 1$) at an angle $\theta_i$ in the $2^{nd}$ quadrant,then the refracted beam is in the $3^{rd}$ quadrant.
$(ii)$ Prove that Snell's law holds for such a medium.

$A$ ray of light is incident on a transparent sphere at an angle of $\pi / 4$ and is refracted at an angle $r$. The ray emerges from the sphere after suffering one internal reflection. The total angle of deviation of the ray is