Which one of the following substituents at para position is most effective in stabilizing the phenoxide ion?

Write the chemical equations for the following reactions:
$(i)$ Reimer-Tiemann reaction
$(ii)$ Kolbe's reaction

What are the products formed by the reaction of phenol with dilute $HNO_3$? By which method are these products separated,and what is the name of the compound that separates out and the reason for it?

$A$ trisubstituted compound '$A$',$C_{10}H_{12}O_2$ gives a neutral $FeCl_3$ test positive. Treatment of compound '$A$' with $NaOH$ and $CH_3Br$ gives $C_{11}H_{14}O_2$,with hydroiodic acid $(HI)$ gives methyl iodide,and with hot conc. $NaOH$ gives a compound $B$,$C_{10}H_{12}O_2$. Compound '$A$' also decolorises alkaline $KMnO_4$. The number of $\pi$ bonds present in the compound '$A$' is $...........$

The product $(A)$ in the following reaction is:

The products $X$ and $Y$ which are formed in the following sequence of reactions are respectively:
$\text{Phenol}$ $\xrightarrow{dil \ HNO_3} X$ $\xrightarrow{1. Zn/HCl, \Delta \atop 2.(CH_3CO)_2O (1 \ equiv)} Y$