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| Column-$I$ | Column-$II$ |
|---|---|
| $(i)$ Primary succession | $(i)$ Development of ecosystem |
| $(ii)$ Ecological succession | $(ii)$ Lichens |
| $(iii)$ Pioneer species on rocks | $(iii)$ Near to the equilibrium with the environment |
| $(iv)$ Climax community | $(iv)$ New species on bare environment |
| Column-$I$ | Column-$II$ |
| $(i)$ Producers | $(P)$ Primary consumers |
| $(ii)$ Herbivores | $(Q)$ Net primary productivity |
| $(iii)$ Carnivores | $(R)$ Primary trophic level |
| $(iv)$ Top carnivores | $(S)$ Secondary productivity |
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