When equal volumes of $1 \ M \ HCl$ and $1 \ M \ H_2SO_4$ are separately neutralized by an excess volume of $1 \ M \ NaOH$ solution,$x \ J$ and $y \ J$ of heat are liberated,respectively. The value of $y / x$ is . . . .

Identify $I, II, III$ in the given Born-Haber cycle diagram for the dissolution of an ionic solid $AB(s)$:
$AB(s) \xrightarrow{I} A^+(aq) + B^-(aq)$
$AB(s) \xrightarrow{II} A^+(g) + B^-(g)$
$A^+(g) + B^-(g) \xrightarrow{III} A^+(aq) + B^-(aq)$

Calculate the heat of combustion (in $kJ$) of methane from the following data:
$(i)$ $C_{\text{(graphite)}} + 2H_{2(g)} \rightarrow CH_{4(g)} \quad \Delta H = -74.8 \ kJ$
(ii) $C_{\text{(graphite)}} + O_{2(g)} \rightarrow CO_{2(g)} \quad \Delta H = -393.5 \ kJ$
(iii) $H_{2(g)} + 1/2 O_{2(g)} \rightarrow H_2O_{(l)} \quad \Delta H = -286.2 \ kJ$

If enthalpies of formation of $C_2H_{4(g)}$,$CO_{2(g)}$ and $H_2O_{(l)}$ at $25 \ ^\circ C$ and $1 \ atm$ pressure are $52$,$-394$ and $-286 \ kJ \ mol^{-1}$ respectively,the enthalpy of combustion of $C_2H_{4(g)}$ will be.....$kJ \ mol^{-1}$.

Equal volumes of methanoic acid and sodium hydroxide are mixed. If $x$ is the heat of formation of water,then the heat evolved on neutralization is

When it is not possible to calculate the enthalpy of a reaction experimentally,it can be calculated by .....