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(B) The relative permittivity $\epsilon_r$ of an ionized medium (like the ionosphere) is given by the relation $\epsilon_r = 1 - \frac{\omega_p^2}{\om

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decreases.

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(B) The relative permittivity $\epsilon_r$ of an ionized medium (like the ionosphere) is given by the relation $\epsilon_r = 1 - \frac{\omega_p^2}{\omega^2}$,where $\omega_p$ is the plasma frequency and $\omega$ is the frequency of the electromagnetic wave.Since the ionosphere contains free electrons,the plasma frequency $\omega_p$ is non-zero.As the wave enters the ionized layer,the presence of these free electrons causes the effective relative permittivity to be less than $1$.Compared to free space (where $\epsilon_r = 1$),the relative permittivity of the ionized layer decreases.

When an electromagnetic wave enters the ionized layer of the ionosphere,the relative permittivity of the ionized layer is found to be:

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