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(A) There are various hypotheses for higher diversity in tropical areas:$(i)$ Speciation is a function of time. Temperate areas have undergone frequen

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$I, III$ and $IV$

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(A) There are various hypotheses for higher diversity in tropical areas:$(i)$ Speciation is a function of time. Temperate areas have undergone frequent glaciation in the past,which killed most species. No such disturbance occurred in the tropics,where species continued to flourish and evolve undisturbed for millions of years.$(ii)$ There are no unfavourable seasons in the tropics. $A$ continuously favourable environment has helped tropical organisms to gain more niche specialization and increased diversity.$(iii)$ More solar energy is available in the tropics. This promotes higher productivity and increased biodiversity.$(iv)$ Resource availability is higher in the tropics.$(v)$ There is reduced competition in the tropics due to the favourable environment.$(vi)$ The rate of extinction is low in the tropics.Comparing these points with the given statements:Statement $I$ is correct (no unfavourable seasons).Statement $II$ is incorrect (more solar energy is available in the tropics).Statement $III$ is correct (rate of extinction is low).Statement $IV$ is correct (resource availability is higher).Therefore,the correct statements are $I, III$ and $IV$.

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