Toluene reacts with halogen in the presence of iron$(III)$ chloride to give ortho and para halo compounds. The reaction is:

The reaction of an aromatic halogen compound with an alkyl halide in the presence of sodium and ether is called:

Given below are two statements: one is labelled as Assertion $(A)$ and the other is labelled as Reason $(R)$.
Assertion $(A)$ : Chlorine is an electron withdrawing group but it is ortho,para directing in electrophilic aromatic substitution.
Reason $(R)$ : Inductive effect of chlorine destabilises the intermediate carbocation formed during the electrophilic substitution,however due to the more pronounced resonance effect,the halogen stabilises the carbocation at ortho and para positions.
In the light of the above statements,choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below :

The Fittig reaction is:

Identify the position where the nucleophilic attack of $(ArO^{-})$ is most favourable in the given molecule.

Chlorobenzene $(X)$ when reacted with reagent '$A$' gets converted to phenol $(Y)$. The major product obtained from nitration of $X$ gets converted to $p$-nitrophenol $(Z)$ by reaction with reagent $B$. What are $A$ and $B$ respectively?