The temperature of the water of a pond is $0^{\circ} C$ while that of the surrounding atmosphere is $-20^{\circ} C$. If the density of ice is $\rho$,the coefficient of thermal conductivity is $k$,and the latent heat of melting is $L$,then the thickness $Z$ of the ice layer formed increases as a function of time $t$ as:

The two ends of a rod of length $L$ and a uniform cross-sectional area $A$ are kept at two temperatures $T_1$ and $T_2$ $(T_1 > T_2)$. The rate of heat transfer,$\frac{dQ}{dt}$,through the rod in a steady state is given by:

What is the temperature (in $^oC$) of the steel-copper junction in the steady state of the system shown in the figure? Length of the steel rod $= 15.0 \; cm,$ length of the copper rod $= 10.0 \; cm,$ temperature of the furnace $= 300^{\circ} C,$ temperature of the other end $= 0^{\circ} C.$ The area of cross-section of the steel rod is twice that of the copper rod. (Thermal conductivity of steel $= 50.2 \; J s^{-1} m^{-1} K^{-1};$ and of copper $= 385 \; J s^{-1} m^{-1} K^{-1}$)

$A$ rectangular ice box of total surface area of $1000 \,cm^2$ initially contains $1.5 \,kg$ of ice at $0^{\circ}C$. If the thickness of the walls of the box is $2 \,mm$ and the temperature outside the box is $42^{\circ}C$, then the mass of the ice remaining in the box after $160 \,minutes$ is (Thermal conductivity of the material of the box $= 10^{-2} \,W m^{-1} K^{-1}$ and latent heat of the fusion of ice $= 336 \times 10^3 \,J kg^{-1}$) (in $kg$)

If the thermal conductivity of aluminum is $0.5 \ cal/cm \cdot s \cdot ^\circ C$,then the temperature gradient required to conduct $10 \ cal/s \cdot cm^2$ in the steady state is ...... $^\circ C/cm$.

The temperature difference between two sides of an iron plate,$1.8 \ cm$ thick is $9^{\circ} C$. Heat is transmitted through the plate at a rate of $10 \ kcal / (s \cdot m^2)$ at steady state. The thermal conductivity of iron is: