The stable bivalency of Pb and trivalency of | vedclass

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(B) $_{82}Pb = [Xe] 4f^{14} 5d^{10} 6s^{2} 6p^{2}$ $_{83}Bi = [Xe] 4f^{14} 5d^{10} 6s^{2} 6p^{3}$ Due to the inert pair effect,the $6s^{2}$ electrons

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due to relativistic contraction of the $6s$ orbitals of $Pb$ and $Bi$,leading to inert pair effect

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(B) $_{82}Pb = [Xe] 4f^{14} 5d^{10} 6s^{2} 6p^{2}$ $_{83}Bi = [Xe] 4f^{14} 5d^{10} 6s^{2} 6p^{3}$ Due to the inert pair effect,the $6s^{2}$ electrons are held tightly by the nucleus due to relativistic contraction and poor shielding by $4f$ and $5d$ electrons. Consequently,$Pb$ shows a stable bivalency ($+2$ oxidation state) and $Bi$ shows a stable trivalency ($+3$ oxidation state) instead of their group oxidation states of $+4$ and $+5$ respectively.

The stable bivalency of $Pb$ and trivalency of $Bi$ is

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