The chemotherapeutic substance derived from a living organism that has an inhibitory effect on a parasitic organism is known as:

$NLCP$ stands for

$NSEP$ stands for

Why are surgical instruments boiled in water before use?

Consider the following statements:
$I.$ People should get vaccinated to avoid infection.
$II.$ Vaccination is available against polio,cholera,typhoid,tuberculosis,and many other diseases.
$III.$ Eradication of vectors is necessary for diseases like malaria and filariasis.
$IV.$ Dengue and chikungunya are both spread by $Culex$ mosquitoes.
Which of the statements given above are correct?

For effective treatment of the disease,early diagnosis and understanding its pathophysiology is very important. Which of the following molecular diagnostic techniques is very useful for early detection?