The $K, L$ and $M$ energy levels of platinum lie roughly at $78, 12$ and $3 \ keV$ respectively. The ratio of the wavelength of the $K_{\alpha}$ line to that of the $K_{\beta}$ line in the $X$-ray spectrum is:

An $X$-ray tube operates at $50 \, kV$ and $20 \, mA$. The target material has a mass of $1.0 \, kg$ and a specific heat capacity of $495 \, J \cdot kg^{-1} \cdot ^\circ C^{-1}$. One percent of the applied electrical power is converted into $X$-rays,and the remaining energy is used to heat the target. Then:
$(1)$ $A$ suitable target material should have a high melting point.
$(2)$ $A$ suitable target material should have low thermal conductivity.
$(3)$ The rate of rise of temperature of the target is $2 \, ^\circ C/s$.
$(4)$ The minimum wavelength of the emitted $X$-rays is $0.25 \, \mathring{A}$.

For hard $X$-rays,which of the following is true?

The maximum distance between the inter-atomic planes of a crystal is $10^{-7} \ cm$. The maximum wavelength of $X$-rays that can be studied by this crystal is ........... $\mathring{A}$.

Which of the following wavelengths in $\mathring{A}$ represents 'hard' $X$-rays?

The shortest wavelength of $X-$rays emitted from an $X-$ray tube depends upon