Solar energy is incident normally on the earth's surface at the rate of about $1.4 \, kW m^{-2}$. The distance between the earth and the sun is $1.5 \times 10^{11} \, m$. Energy $E$ and mass $m$ are related by Einstein's equation $E = mc^2$,where $c = 3 \times 10^8 \, m s^{-1}$ is the speed of light in free space. The decrease in the mass of the sun is ........... $\, kg s^{-1}$.

The energy $E$ and momentum $p$ of a moving body of mass $m$ are related by a specific equation. Given that $c$ represents the speed of light,identify the correct equation.

$(a)$ When monochromatic light is incident on a surface separating two media,the reflected and refracted light both have the same frequency as the incident frequency. Explain why?
$(b)$ When light travels from a rarer to a denser medium,the speed decreases. Does the reduction in speed imply a reduction in the energy carried by the light wave?
$(c)$ In the wave picture of light,intensity of light is determined by the square of the amplitude of the wave. What determines the intensity of light in the photon picture of light?

$A$ $100\,W$ light source is emitting radiation of wavelength $5000\,\mathring{A}$. The rate of emission of photons is of the order of:

What is the momentum of a photon with a frequency of $10^9 \ Hz$?

Two monochromatic beams $A$ and $B$ of equal intensity $I$ hit a screen. The number of photons hitting the screen by beam $A$ is twice that by beam $B$. What inference can you make about their frequencies?