Mention the type of compounds formed when small atoms like $H$, $C$ and $N$ get trapped inside the crystal lattice of transition metals. Also give physical and chemical characteristics of these compounds.

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The interstitial compounds are formed when small sized atoms such as $\mathrm{H}, \mathrm{B}, \mathrm{C}$ and $\mathrm{N}$ gets trapped in the interstitials of the metal atoms. The properties of interstitial compounds are :

$(i)$ Melting points are high and even higher than pure metals.

$(ii)$ These compounds are extremely hard.

$(iii)$ Metallic conductivity is retained.

$(iv)$ They are chemically inert.

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How would you account for the following:

$(i)$ of the $d^{4}$ species, $Cr ^{2+}$ is strongly reducing while manganese $(III)$ is strongly oxidising.

$(ii)$ Cobalt $(II)$ is stable in aqueous solution but in the presence of complexing reagents it is easily oxidised.

$(iii)$ The $d^{1}$ configuration is very unstable in ions.