Identify $Z$ in figure
Reed-swamp stage
Marsh-meadow stage
Submerged plant stage
Scrub stage
From the above given features, how many are associated with primary succession?
A succulent xerophyte is
“The energy flow in the ecosystem follows the second law of thermodynamics.” Explain.
$A$ : Neither the community modifies environment nor the environment forces the community to leave the place in climax stage of succession.
$R$ : Climax community is xerophytic in most of the types of succession.