Given below are two statements:
Statement $I$: In an ecosystem,there is a unidirectional flow of energy from the sun through producers to consumers.
Statement $II$: Ecosystems are exempted from the $2^{nd}$ law of thermodynamics.
In the light of the above statements,choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

  • A
    Both statement $I$ and statement $II$ are correct
  • B
    Both statement $I$ and statement $II$ are incorrect
  • C
    Statement $I$ is correct but statement $II$ is incorrect
  • D
    Statement $I$ is incorrect but statement $II$ is correct

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Which of the following is a producer in the plant kingdom?

Climax stage is achieved quickly in secondary succession as compared to primary succession. Why?

$A$: In hydrosere,the reed swamp stage is followed by the floating plant stage.
$R$: The sedge meadow stage has amphibious herbaceous plants.

Consider the following statements about food chain:
$I.$ The transfer of energy from producers to top consumers through a series of organisms is called a food chain.
$II.$ $A$ food chain is always straight and proceeds in a progressive straight line.
$III.$ In a food chain,there is a unidirectional flow of energy from the sun to producers and subsequently to a series of different types of consumers.
Which of the statements given above are correct?

$X-$ Atmospheric input of phosphorus through rainfall is much smaller than carbon input.
$Y-$ The exchange of phosphorus between organisms and the environment is negligible.

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