| Invertebrates | Vertebrates |
| $(1)$ Notochord,if present,does not transform into a vertebral column. | $(1)$ Notochord is transformed into a vertebral column. |
| $(2)$ Brain is not enclosed in a cranium. | $(2)$ Brain is enclosed in a cranium. |
| $(3)$ Appendages,if present,are often more than two pairs. | $(3)$ Appendages are typically present in two pairs (in tetrapods). |
| $(4)$ Examples: Protozoa to Protochordata. | $(4)$ Examples: Amphibia to Mammalia. |
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