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(N/A) $C_{3}$ and $C_{4}$ pathways      $C_{3}$ pathway    $C_{4}$ pathway        $(1)$ The primary acceptor of $CO_{2}$ is $RuBP$ - a five-carbon com

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(N/A) $C_{3}$ and $C_{4}$ pathways

$C_{3}$ pathway	$C_{4}$ pathway
$(1)$ The primary acceptor of $CO_{2}$ is $RuBP$ - a five-carbon compound.	$(1)$ The primary acceptor of $CO_{2}$ is phosphoenol pyruvate - a three-carbon compound.
$(2)$ The first stable product is $3$-phosphoglycerate.	$(2)$ The first stable product is oxaloacetic acid.
$(3)$ It occurs only in the mesophyll cells of the leaves.	$(3)$ It occurs in the mesophyll and bundle sheath cells of the leaves.
$(4)$ It is a slower process of carbon fixation and photorespiratory losses are high.	$(4)$ It is a faster process of carbon fixation and photorespiratory losses are low.

$(b)$ Cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation

Cyclic photophosphorylation	Non-cyclic photophosphorylation
$(1)$ It occurs only in photosystem $I$.	$(1)$ It occurs in photosystems $I$ and $II$.
$(2)$ It involves only the synthesis of $ATP$.	$(2)$ It involves the synthesis of $ATP$ and $NADPH$.
$(3)$ In this process,photolysis of water does not occur. Therefore,oxygen is not produced.	$(3)$ In this process,photolysis of water takes place and oxygen is liberated.
$(4)$ In this process,electrons move in a closed circle.	$(4)$ In this process,electrons do not move in a closed circle.

$(c)$ Anatomy of leaf in $C_{3}$ and $C_{4}$ plants

$C_{3}$ leaves	$C_{4}$ leaves
$(1)$ Bundle-sheath cells are absent or poorly developed.	$(1)$ Bundle-sheath cells are present (Kranz anatomy).
$(2)$ $RuBisCo$ is present in the mesophyll cells.	$(2)$ $RuBisCo$ is present in the bundle sheath cells.
$(3)$ The first stable compound produced is $3$-phosphoglycerate - a three-carbon compound.	$(3)$ The first stable compound produced is oxaloacetic acid - a four-carbon compound.
$(4)$ Photorespiration occurs.	$(4)$ Photorespiration is negligible or absent.

Give a comparison between the following:
$(a)$ $C_{3}$ and $C_{4}$ pathways
$(b)$ Cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation
$(c)$ Anatomy of leaf in $C_{3}$ and $C_{4}$ plants

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Give a comparison between the following:$(a)$ $C_{3}$ and $C_{4}$ pathways$(b)$ Cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation$(c)$ Anatomy of leaf in $C_{3}$ and $C_{4}$ plants