Force of attraction between two point charges $Q$ and $-Q$ separated by $d\,$ metre is ${F_e}$. When these charges are placed on two identical spheres of radius $R = 0.3\,d$ whose centres are $d\,$ metre apart, the force of attraction between them is

Three charges are placed as shown in figure. The magnitude of $q_1$ is $2.00\, \mu C$, but its sign and the value of the charge $q_2$ are not known. Charge $q_3$ is $+4.00\, \mu C$, and the net force on $q_3$ is entirely in the negative $x-$ direction. As per the condition given the sign of $q_1$ and $q_2$ will be

A point charge $q_1$ exerts an electric force on a second point charge $q_2$. If third charge $q_3$ is brought near, the electric force of $q_1$ exerted on $q_2$

A charge $Q$ is placed at each of the opposite corners of a square. A charge $q$ is placed at each of the other two corners. If the net electrical force on $Q$ is zero, then  $\frac{Q}{q}=$ ______

$(a)$ Explain the meaning of the statement ‘electric charge of a body is quantised’.

$(b)$ Why can one ignore quantisation of electric charge when dealing with macroscopic i.e., large scale charges?

Write general equation of Coulombian force on ${q_1}$ by system of charges ${q_1},{q_2},.......,{q_n}$.