Explain the different oxidation reactions of aldehydes and ketones.

(N/A) $1$. Oxidation of Aldehydes: Aldehydes are easily oxidized to carboxylic acids with the same number of carbon atoms using common oxidizing agents like $KMnO_4$,$K_2Cr_2O_7$,or even mild agents like $Tollens'$ reagent and $Fehling's$ solution. The reaction is: $R-CHO + [O] \rightarrow R-COOH$.
$2$. Oxidation of Ketones: Ketones are generally resistant to oxidation under normal conditions. They require strong oxidizing agents (like concentrated $HNO_3$ or $KMnO_4$ at high temperatures) and undergo cleavage of $C-C$ bonds to form a mixture of carboxylic acids with fewer carbon atoms than the original ketone. The reaction follows $Popoff's$ rule.