| Property | $\alpha$-rays | $\beta$-rays | $\gamma$-rays |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nature | Helium nuclei $(He^{2+})$ | Fast-moving electrons $(e^-)$ | Electromagnetic radiation (photons) |
| Charge | $+2$ units | $-1$ unit | Neutral $(0)$ |
| Mass | $4 \ amu$ | Negligible $(1/1837 \ amu)$ | No mass |
| Penetrating Power | Least | $100$ times more than $\alpha$ | $1000$ times more than $\alpha$ |
| Formation | $He^{2+} + 2e^- \rightarrow He_{(g)}$ | - | - |
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