Discuss the general characteristics and gradation in properties of alkaline earth metals.

(N/A) General characteristics of alkaline earth metals are as follows:
$(i)$ The general electronic configuration of alkaline earth metals is $[\text{noble gas}] ns^{2}$.
$(ii)$ These metals lose two electrons to acquire the nearest noble gas configuration. Therefore,their oxidation state is $+2$.
$(iii)$ These metals have atomic and ionic radii smaller than that of alkali metals. Also,when moved down the group,the effective nuclear charge decreases and this causes an increase in their atomic radii and ionic radii.
$(iv)$ Since the alkaline earth metals have large size,their ionization enthalpies are found to be fairly low. However,their first ionization enthalpies are higher than the corresponding group $1$ metals.
$(v)$ These metals are lustrous and silvery white in appearance. They are relatively less soft as compared to alkali metals.
$(vi)$ Atoms of alkaline earth metals are smaller than that of alkali metals. Also,they have two valence electrons forming stronger metallic bonds. These two factors cause alkaline earth metals to have high melting and boiling points as compared to alkali metals.
$(vii)$ They are highly electropositive in nature. This is due to their low ionization enthalpies. Also,the electropositive character increases on moving down the group from $Be$ to $Ba$.
$(viii)$ $Ca, Sr,$ and $Ba$ impart characteristic colours to flames.
$Ca -$ Brick red
$Sr -$ Crimson red
$Ba -$ Apple green
In $Be$ and $Mg$,the electrons are too strongly bound to be excited.
Hence,these do not impart any colour to the flame.
The alkaline earth metals are less reactive than alkali metals and their reactivity increases on moving down the group.
Chemical properties of alkaline earth metals are as follows:
$(i)$ Reaction with air and water: $Be$ and $Mg$ are almost inert to air and water because of the formation of oxide layer on their surface.
$(a)$ Powdered $Be$ burns in air to form $BeO$ and $Be_{3}N_{2}$.
$(b)$ $Mg$,being more electropositive,burns in air with a dazzling sparkle to form $MgO$ and $Mg_{3}N_{2}$.
$(c)$ $Ca, Sr,$ and $Ba$ react readily with air to form respective oxides and nitrides.
$(d)$ $Ca, Ba,$ and $Sr$ react vigorously even with cold water.
$(ii)$ Alkaline earth metals react with halogens at high temperatures to form halides.
$M + X_{2} \longrightarrow MX_{2} (X = F, Cl, Br, I)$
$(iii)$ All the alkaline earth metals,except $Be$,react with hydrogen to form hydrides.
$(iv)$ They react readily with acids to form salts and liberate hydrogen gas.
$M + 2HCl \longrightarrow MCl_{2} + H_{2(g)} \uparrow$
$(v)$ They are strong reducing agents. However,their reducing power is less than that of alkali metals. As we move down the group,the reducing power increases.
$(vi)$ Similar to alkali metals,the alkaline earth metals also dissolve in liquid ammonia to give deep blue coloured solutions.
$M + (x + y)NH_{3} \longrightarrow [M(NH_{3})_{x}]^{2+} + 2[e(NH_{3})_{y}]^{-}$