As shown in the figure, a parallel beam of light is incident on the upper part of a prism of angle $1.8^{\circ}$ and material of refractive index $1.5$. The light emerging from the prism falls on a concave mirror of radius of curvature $40 \,cm$. The distance of the point from the principal axis of the mirror where the light rays are focused after reflection from the mirror is:

By which type of mirror,the image obtained is always erect?

Answer the following questions:
$(a)$ You have learnt that plane and convex mirrors produce virtual images of objects. Can they produce real images under some circumstances? Explain.
$(b)$ $A$ virtual image,we always say,cannot be caught on a screen. Yet when we 'see' a virtual image,we are obviously bringing it on to the 'screen' (i.e.,the retina) of our eye. Is there a contradiction?
$(c)$ $A$ diver under water,looks obliquely at a fisherman standing on the bank of a lake. Would the fisherman look taller or shorter to the diver than what he actually is?
$(d)$ Does the apparent depth of a tank of water change if viewed obliquely? If so,does the apparent depth increase or decrease?
$(e)$ The refractive index of diamond is much greater than that of ordinary glass. Is this fact of some use to a diamond cutter?

$A$ concave mirror is placed on a horizontal table,with its axis directed vertically upwards. Let $O$ be the pole of the mirror and $C$ its centre of curvature. $A$ point object is placed at $C$. It has a real image,also located at $C$ (a condition called auto-collimation). If the mirror is now filled with water,the image will be:

$A$ good photographic print is obtained at a distance of $20 \,cm$ with an exposure time of $2 \,s$. What will be the exposure time required to get an equally good result at a distance of $40 \,cm$?

$A$ reflecting surface is represented by the equation $y = \frac{2L}{\pi} \sin \left( \frac{\pi x}{L} \right)$,$0 \leq x \leq L$. $A$ ray travelling horizontally becomes vertical after reflection. The coordinates of the point$(s)$ where this ray is incident is?