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(A) Aldehydes are generally more reactive than ketones in nucleophilic addition reactions due to steric and electronic factors. Sterically,the presenc

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$a < b < c < d$

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(A) Aldehydes are generally more reactive than ketones in nucleophilic addition reactions due to steric and electronic factors. Sterically,the presence of two relatively large substituents in ketones hinders the approach of the nucleophile to the carbonyl carbon more than in aldehydes,which have only one such substituent. Electronically,aldehydes are more reactive because the two alkyl groups in ketones reduce the electrophilicity of the carbonyl carbon more effectively than in aldehydes. Benzophenone $(a)$ is a ketone and is the least reactive. Among the aldehydes,$p$-tolualdehyde $(b)$ is less reactive than benzaldehyde $(c)$ because the $CH_3$ group at the para position increases electron density on the carbonyl carbon through the hyperconjugation effect,making it less electrophilic. In $p$-nitrobenzaldehyde $(d)$,the $NO_2$ group is strongly electron-withdrawing due to both $-I$ and $-R$ effects,which decreases electron density on the carbonyl carbon and significantly increases its reactivity towards nucleophilic attack. Therefore,the increasing order of reactivity is $a < b < c < d$.

Arrange the following in increasing order of their reactivity for nucleophilic addition reaction:

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